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Tymen J. van der Ploeg 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(3):255-274
This paper compares legal approaches to foundations in six economically well-developed democracies (USA, England and Wales,
Germany, Austria, France and the Netherlands). ‘Foundations’ refers to ‘non-governmental, non-membership, organisations, recognised
as a legal category with a purpose in the general interest’. This covers the common field of the common law's charity and
the civil law's foundation as a legal person. The countries organise public supervision of foundations in very different ways.
Mostly there is governmental involvement or involvement of an independent body in the establishment and governmental supervision
of foundations in action. In a few cases, the supervisory power—concerning the foundations' activities, not their establishment—is
with judicial authorities. Access to information of foundations (registration) and possible requests for sanctions by interested
parties are also rather different. Not all rules are in accordance with the freedom of organisation and some are less desirable.
The conclusion is that a balance between the freedom of the foundation (board), the protection of the public order and the
protection of the interests of others can be found in a system with systematic supervision at the establishment- and later
practice—by governmental or independent authorities or in a system with good registration and incidental supervision by judicial
authorities, also at the request of interested parties. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. 相似文献
725.
The effects of question order on respondents' ratings of general and specific aspects of community life were assessed using data from separate mail surveys in Montana and Pennsylvania, The samples differed in locale, composition, and size and the relevant questions varied in number, format, and specific focus. Nevertheless, for both data sets the general question was more likely to be answered and more likely to receive positive responses when it was asked after—rather than before—the specific questions. There was some indication that carryover from the specific items to the general question responses were somewhat greater for those questions asked most recently and less for those asked earlier. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Aspects of 47 preschoolers'emotional competence—their patterns of emotional expressiveness and reactions to others' emotion displays—were observed in two settings, with mother and with peers, and their general social competence was rated by their preschool teachers. Intrapersonal and interpersonal (i.e., socialization correlates of children's emotional competence were identified, and a causal model incorporating direct and indirect influences on social competence was evaluated. Maternal patterns of expressiveness, reactions to children's emotion displays, and self-reported affective environment were associated with children's emotional competence in the preschool. Children's emotional competence with mother predicted their emotional competence in the preschool somewhat less strongly, suggesting that emotional competence may differ according to the interpersonal relationship studied. Taken as a whole, findings reassert the importance of the domain of emotional expression to the development of social competence.Reprint requests can be sent to the author, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030. Grateful acknowledgment goes to the mothers and children who so clearly expressed and reacted to emotions; thanks also are due to Christine Alban, Joanne Ayyash, Michael Casey, Elizabeth Couchoud, Huynh Dung, Merlina Hemingway, Soueang Lay, Vanna Nguyen, Emilianne Slayden and Kimberly Sproul, as well as the director and teachers of the Project for the Study of Young Children. An earlier version of this material was presented at the 1991 Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA. University support from Grants #2-10150, 2-10176 and 2-10073 also made the research possible. 相似文献
728.
W R Hewitt 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》1992,40(6):288-289
The author reports on a study of the liquid nitrogen treatment of warts at the Rutgers University Student Health Center. He demonstrates that liquid nitrogen therapy is a safe, effective treatment method, appropriate for use by nurses and other primary providers in a college health setting. 相似文献
729.
V.P. Kultygin 《International Journal of Social Welfare》1993,2(3):142-149
The article describes the socioeconomic situation of the Russian population and its dynamics in 1992. The analysis is based on series of regional sociological surveys led by the All-Russian Living Standards Research Center and on official Russian statistical data. The basic unit of analysis is the family, and hence family typology approbated both in research and in practical social work is introduced. Besides describing and discussing the growing poverty tendencies in contemporary Russia, the article also contains methodological recommendations for social policy bodies and social workers on the strategy of work in social maintenance and social support of the least secure population strata. 相似文献
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