The Polls: Regulation--Part I

Part II of this report will appear in the Fall 1984 issue.     

Family Placements for People with a Learning Difficulty: A Study using Time Budgets

Correspondence to Dr R. F. Drewett, Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Science Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE. Summary The Durham County Council Family Placement Scheme offers long-termcare in families for adults with learning difficulties. Theactivities of the twenty-four clients in family placements werestudied using interviews and diaries kept by carers. Althoughmost of the clients were only mildly handicapped three wereseverely disabled. Most of the carers have either professionalor voluntary experience of work with people with learning difficulties.Although four of the placements have broken down, the levelsof activity of the clients still in their families were similarto those found in other types of community-based care, and werejust as extensive in the more disabled. The previous experienceof the carer had no clear relationship with the activity levelsof the client.     

Changes from compliance to deterrence among federal fishery officers: an atypical case of regulatory policing?

Les études portant Bur les fonctionnaires chargés de l'application des règlements indiquent que ces derniers préfèrent l'adhésion volontaire à la dissuasion. Les responsables de la pěche ctière à Terre-Neuve semblent représenter une anomalie à cet égard, car ils sont chargés de faire respecter la réglementation, mais ils recourent de moins en moins à la persuasion et de plus en plus à la dissuasion. Ce changement peut s'expliquer par le rle de l'État dans la restructuration de la pěche ctière au Canada. Le cas étudié montre que la distinction qu'on retrouve dans un grand nombre d'études socio-juridiques entre les responsables de la réglementation qui font de la persuasion et les corps policiers qui interviennent de fason dissuasive n'est pas acquise et mérite d'ětre reconsidérée.
Studies of regulatory officials have shown that there is a preference for compliance over deterrence in the regulatory process. However, fishery officers based in the Newfoundland inshore fishery appear to be an anomaly. While they are regulatory officials, their role has shifted from the use of compliance to the use of deterrence. This shift can be explained in terms of the role of the state in restructuring the inshore fisheries of Canada. Given this case, the common distinction between regulatory officials engaged in compliance and the public police engaged in deterrence, from the socio-legal literature, should not be taken for granted and needs to be re-examined.     

Occupational gender segregation of the Canadian labour force, 1931–1981

Nous presentom ici une Ptude des changements au sein du march6 du travail en ce qui a trait la segregation sexuelle. L'article debute avec des considerations sur la nature de la segregation sexuelle, puis un survol de la recherche canadienne et amPricaine i ce sujet. Notre analyse utilise les categories ocupationnelles du recensement, que nous pairons pour les recensements de 1931 i 1981. Les resultats de l'analyse montrent que le degre de segregation est demeurk trPs eleve jusqu'i la fin de la periode Ptudiee, bien qu'une certaine baisse soit enregistree dans les annees 1960 et 1970. Le pourcentage des travailleursl ewes occupant des emplois presque entiPrement skgrkgues a diminue. Cette tendance est plus marquee pour les emplois occupCs par des hommes que pour ceux occupPs par des femmes. Ainsi, la raison principale de la baisse du degre de segregation entre 1971 et 1981 semble Otre I'entree par un nombre significatif de femmes dans des occupations qui Ctaient jusque-la presque exclusivement masculines. Nous Ctablissons une liste des occupations ainsi towhees.
Following a discussion of the nature of gender segregation in paid work, and a review of American and Canadian research on the topic, we assess changes in gender segregation in the paid labour force, using census occupational categories, which were matched for adjacent pairs of censuses from 1931 to 1981. We find that gender segregation remained very high through 1981, although there was some decline in the 1960s and 1970s. There was also a decrease in the percentages of women and (especially) men in occupations almost entirely composed of same-gender workers. The chief reason for the decline in segregation between 1971 and 1981 appears to be the significant numbers of women who entered occupations that were formerly almost exclusively male. We list major occupations that are changing in this manner.     

MARGINALITY AND LIBERALISM AMONG JEWISH ELITES

Although much has been written about the Jewish proclivity towardliberalism, little has been written about elites who are Jewish.This article extensively compares American elites, both Jewishand non-Jewish, on a wide variety of social, economic, and politicalattitudes. Jewish elites are found to be consistently more liberalthan their non-Jewish counterparts on four different measuresof liberalism. We find small differences between religiouslyliberal and religiously conservative Jews. The differences betweenJewish and non-Jewish elites persisted after controlling fora number of background variables including current occupation.These results are explained as a result of Jewish socializationinto a tradition of marginality which has persisted despitechanging conditions. This conclusion is supported by showingthat parental ideology can partially predict respondents' ideologicalviews.