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Arnab Maity Raymond J. Carroll Enno Mammen Nilanjan Chatterjee 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2009,71(1):75-96
Summary. Motivated from the problem of testing for genetic effects on complex traits in the presence of gene–environment interaction, we develop score tests in general semiparametric regression problems that involves Tukey style 1 degree-of-freedom form of interaction between parametrically and non-parametrically modelled covariates. We find that the score test in this type of model, as recently developed by Chatterjee and co-workers in the fully parametric setting, is biased and requires undersmoothing to be valid in the presence of non-parametric components. Moreover, in the presence of repeated outcomes, the asymptotic distribution of the score test depends on the estimation of functions which are defined as solutions of integral equations, making implementation difficult and computationally taxing. We develop profiled score statistics which are unbiased and asymptotically efficient and can be performed by using standard bandwidth selection methods. In addition, to overcome the difficulty of solving functional equations, we give easy interpretations of the target functions, which in turn allow us to develop estimation procedures that can be easily implemented by using standard computational methods. We present simulation studies to evaluate type I error and power of the method proposed compared with a naive test that does not consider interaction. Finally, we illustrate our methodology by analysing data from a case–control study of colorectal adenoma that was designed to investigate the association between colorectal adenoma and the candidate gene NAT2 in relation to smoking history. 相似文献
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Yuedong Wang Yanyuan Ma Raymond J. Carroll 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2009,71(2):425-445
Summary. Microarrays are one of the most widely used high throughput technologies. One of the main problems in the area is that conventional estimates of the variances that are required in the t -statistic and other statistics are unreliable owing to the small number of replications. Various methods have been proposed in the literature to overcome this lack of degrees of freedom problem. In this context, it is commonly observed that the variance increases proportionally with the intensity level, which has led many researchers to assume that the variance is a function of the mean. Here we concentrate on estimation of the variance as a function of an unknown mean in two models: the constant coefficient of variation model and the quadratic variance–mean model. Because the means are unknown and estimated with few degrees of freedom, naive methods that use the sample mean in place of the true mean are generally biased because of the errors-in-variables phenomenon. We propose three methods for overcoming this bias. The first two are variations on the theme of the so-called heteroscedastic simulation–extrapolation estimator, modified to estimate the variance function consistently. The third class of estimators is entirely different, being based on semiparametric information calculations. Simulations show the power of our methods and their lack of bias compared with the naive method that ignores the measurement error. The methodology is illustrated by using microarray data from leukaemia patients. 相似文献
126.
Spatially-adaptive Penalties for Spline Fitting 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David Ruppert & Raymond J. Carroll 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2000,42(2):205-223
The paper studies spline fitting with a roughness penalty that adapts to spatial heterogeneity in the regression function. The estimates are p th degree piecewise polynomials with p − 1 continuous derivatives. A large and fixed number of knots is used and smoothing is achieved by putting a quadratic penalty on the jumps of the p th derivative at the knots. To be spatially adaptive, the logarithm of the penalty is itself a linear spline but with relatively few knots and with values at the knots chosen to minimize the generalized cross validation (GCV) criterion. This locally-adaptive spline estimator is compared with other spline estimators in the literature such as cubic smoothing splines and knot-selection techniques for least squares regression. Our estimator can be interpreted as an empirical Bayes estimate for a prior allowing spatial heterogeneity. In cases of spatially heterogeneous regression functions, empirical Bayes confidence intervals using this prior achieve better pointwise coverage probabilities than confidence intervals based on a global-penalty parameter. The method is developed first for univariate models and then extended to additive models. 相似文献
127.
Silvia Bozza Franco Taroni Raymond Marquis Matthieu Schmittbuhl 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2008,57(3):329-341
Summary. The evaluation of handwritten characters that are selected from an anonymous letter and written material from a suspect is an open problem in forensic science. The individualization of handwriting is largely dependent on examiners who evaluate the characteristics in a qualitative and subjective way. Precise individual characterization of the shape of handwritten characters is possible through Fourier analysis: each handwritten character can be described through a set of variables such as the surface and harmonics as demonstrated by Marquis and co-workers in 2005. The assessment of the value of the evidence is performed through the derivation of a likelihood ratio for multivariate data. The methodology allows the forensic scientist to take into account the correlation between variables, and the non-constant variability within sources (i.e. individuals). Numerical procedures are implemented to handle the complexity and to compute the marginal likelihood under competing propositions. 相似文献
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Raymond Saner Gordana Toseva Aziz Atamanov Roman Mogilevsky Aleksandar Sahov 《Public Organization Review》2008,8(3):215-231
This paper focuses on the function of Inter-ministerial Policy Coordination (IMPC) and its critical role in governance. Following
a definitional section, the authors give an overview of public sector governance in Eastern and Central Europe and Central
Asia and discuss the application of governance principles to Inter-Ministerial Policy Coordination in these regions. They
conclude with specific examples from the Republic of Macedonia and Central Asia.
Raymond Saner professor of Organisation and International Management, University of Basle, at Sciences Po, Paris, and at the World Trade Institute in Berne. He is the co-founder of the Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, a research based NGO located in Geneva since 1993 and has designed and implemented capacity building projects focusing on improving trade policy governance and public administrative reforms. Gordana Toseva Senior Attorney, USAID Macedonia, member of the WTO Assistance Project (since 1999), currently Director of the e-Gov Project. She facilitated Macedonia’s WTO accession negotiations, prepared MK negotiating team for Working Party meetings, participated in meetings at the WTO in Geneva, advised government officials on trade policy and WTO and assisted in drafting WTO compatible legislation necessary for reform of MK ‘s international trade regime. Aziz Atamanov Researcher of Center for Social and Economic Research in Kyrgyzstan (CASE-Kyrgyzstan since 2000). He participated in different research and consultancy projects for the World Bank, UNICEF, UNDP, TACIS, ADB. Area of his research and consultancy expertise includes fiscal, social, and foreign trade policies. In 2008 he started the Ph.D. Programme at the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance in Social Policy. Roman Mogilevsky Executive Director, (since 1998), Center for Social and Economic Research in Kyrgyzstan (CASE-Kyrgyzstan), prepares analysis and preparation of policy papers on contemporary problems of Kyrgyz economy and CIS including foreign trade, macroeconomics, fiscal, monetary, investment, social policies, Associate Professor American University in Kyrgyzstan (1995-2002), Kyrgyz-Russian Slavonic University (1995-2008). Alexander Sahov Director, USAID Business Environment Activity implemented by Booz Allen Hamilton. Since 1999, Mr. Sahov has advised Macedonian Government on WTO accession until full membership was achieved in 2003. He is a member of the WTO Interministerial Coordination Body of Experts and advises the Macedonian Government on bringing its trade regime in full compliance with the WTO trade rules subsequent to WTO accession. 相似文献
Aleksandar SahovEmail: |
Raymond Saner professor of Organisation and International Management, University of Basle, at Sciences Po, Paris, and at the World Trade Institute in Berne. He is the co-founder of the Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, a research based NGO located in Geneva since 1993 and has designed and implemented capacity building projects focusing on improving trade policy governance and public administrative reforms. Gordana Toseva Senior Attorney, USAID Macedonia, member of the WTO Assistance Project (since 1999), currently Director of the e-Gov Project. She facilitated Macedonia’s WTO accession negotiations, prepared MK negotiating team for Working Party meetings, participated in meetings at the WTO in Geneva, advised government officials on trade policy and WTO and assisted in drafting WTO compatible legislation necessary for reform of MK ‘s international trade regime. Aziz Atamanov Researcher of Center for Social and Economic Research in Kyrgyzstan (CASE-Kyrgyzstan since 2000). He participated in different research and consultancy projects for the World Bank, UNICEF, UNDP, TACIS, ADB. Area of his research and consultancy expertise includes fiscal, social, and foreign trade policies. In 2008 he started the Ph.D. Programme at the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance in Social Policy. Roman Mogilevsky Executive Director, (since 1998), Center for Social and Economic Research in Kyrgyzstan (CASE-Kyrgyzstan), prepares analysis and preparation of policy papers on contemporary problems of Kyrgyz economy and CIS including foreign trade, macroeconomics, fiscal, monetary, investment, social policies, Associate Professor American University in Kyrgyzstan (1995-2002), Kyrgyz-Russian Slavonic University (1995-2008). Alexander Sahov Director, USAID Business Environment Activity implemented by Booz Allen Hamilton. Since 1999, Mr. Sahov has advised Macedonian Government on WTO accession until full membership was achieved in 2003. He is a member of the WTO Interministerial Coordination Body of Experts and advises the Macedonian Government on bringing its trade regime in full compliance with the WTO trade rules subsequent to WTO accession. 相似文献
129.
In many applications we can expect that, or are interested to know if, a density function or a regression curve satisfies some specific shape constraints. For example, when the explanatory variable, X, represents the value taken by a treatment or dosage, the conditional mean of the response, Y , is often anticipated to be a monotone function of X. Indeed, if this regression mean is not monotone (in the appropriate direction) then the medical or commercial value of the treatment is likely to be significantly curtailed, at least for values of X that lie beyond the point at which monotonicity fails. In the case of a density, common shape constraints include log-concavity and unimodality. If we can correctly guess the shape of a curve, then nonparametric estimators can be improved by taking this information into account. Addressing such problems requires a method for testing the hypothesis that the curve of interest satisfies a shape constraint, and, if the conclusion of the test is positive, a technique for estimating the curve subject to the constraint. Nonparametric methodology for solving these problems already exists, but only in cases where the covariates are observed precisely. However in many problems, data can only be observed with measurement errors, and the methods employed in the error-free case typically do not carry over to this error context. In this paper we develop a novel approach to hypothesis testing and function estimation under shape constraints, which is valid in the context of measurement errors. Our method is based on tilting an estimator of the density or the regression mean until it satisfies the shape constraint, and we take as our test statistic the distance through which it is tilted. Bootstrap methods are used to calibrate the test. The constrained curve estimators that we develop are also based on tilting, and in that context our work has points of contact with methodology in the error-free case. 相似文献
130.