Re‐inventing the Gendered Organization: Staff Attitudes towards Women and Gender Mainstreaming in NGOs in Malawi

Gender inequality within non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) is constructed on a daily basis through the gendered norms, attitudes and practices of individuals within them. The continual re‐invention of a gendered organization ensures the maintenance of the status quo and therefore the privileging of male/masculine interests over female/feminine interests. Gender mainstreaming is an approach designed to alter the status quo and facilitate women's empowerment. In Malawi, many NGOs have adopted gender mainstreaming as a strategy to address gender inequality both within their organizations and with the communities where they work. Gender mainstreaming initiatives involve a variety of activities including hiring more women staff members, designing policies within the organization to promote gender equality and educating staff members about gender issues through training workshops. While these strategies represent important steps forward for gender equality, it is not clear to what extent these policies and initiatives are translating into meaningful change within the organization.     

商周文学流程的文化观照

商代出现过高度成熟的文学作品吗?今存<商颂>、<商书>是否商代诗文?为什么<诗经·大雅·文王>会要商族遗民"无念尔祖,聿修厥德"?强迫他们放弃的仅仅是对祖先的怀念吗?是否还必须放弃一大批与自己的家族文化传统和民族文化传统相关联的文献、礼仪和传承文学呢?延续了五六个世纪之久的西周诗统何以会被战国散文所取代?庄文屈赋檀美当时并辉耀千古的特殊原因还有哪些未曾发现?假设文化是文学的母体,我们能从文化母体中窥见文学之子的某些体貌与性格吗?此法固非处处适用,但也并非处处相反,好处在于当我们看厌了文学的孤峰独树之时,偶尔放眼展望文化的群山林莽,或许会有另外一种心情和收获.     

Substance Use and Early Marriage

Prior work indicates that substance use is related to adolescent marriage. We describe two different processes that may account for this relationship and hypothesize patterns of association that would be consistent or inconsistent with each. Using data from a study that followed west coast youth from 7th grade to young adulthood (N = 3,324), we assessed the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in 7th and 10th grade on the probability of marriage prior to age 20. When gender, race, and SES were controlled, cigarette use in adolescence, but not other substance use, was associated with early marriage. Low educational attainment and early unwed parenthood each uniquely mediated this association. These results suggest that the link between substance use and early marriage reflects a disposition toward risky or unconventional behavior, not the judgment‐impairing effects of drug and alcohol use.     

Ecological Risk Assessment Framework for Low-Altitude Aircraft Overflights: II. Estimating Effects on Wildlife

An ecological risk assessment framework for aircraft overflights has been developed, with special emphasis on military applications. This article presents the analysis of effects and risk characterization phases; the problem formulation and exposure analysis phases are presented in a companion article. The framework addresses the effects of sound, visual stressors, and collision on the abundance and production of wildlife populations. Profiles of effects, including thresholds, are highlighted for two groups of endpoint species: ungulates (hoofed mammals) and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses). Several factors complicate the analysis of effects for aircraft overflights. Studies of the effects of aircraft overflights previously have not been associated with a quantitative assessment framework; therefore no consistent relations between exposure and population-level response have been developed. Information on behavioral effects of overflights by military aircraft (or component stressors) on most wildlife species is sparse. Moreover, models that relate behavioral changes to abundance or reproduction, and those that relate behavioral or hearing effects thresholds from one population to another are generally not available. The aggregation of sound frequencies, durations, and the view of the aircraft into the single exposure metric of slant distance is not always the best predictor of effects, but effects associated with more specific exposure metrics (e.g., narrow sound spectra) may not be easily determined or added. The weight of evidence and uncertainty analyses of the risk characterization for overflights are also discussed in this article.     

Will unwed new mothers seek employment?: The role of government and social support

In this paper, we use recent data on unwed new mothers living in urban cities to examine employment plans of low-income women the year following childbirth. We conceptually distinguish work expectations, a cognition; from work, a behavior. We argue that government support and social support are related to the work expectations of unwed new mothers. The results provide evidence that the receipt of various forms of government and social support are positively associated with work expectations. The only variations from this pattern were found for government medical assistance and support from the baby's father. Overall, these findings are contrary to the idea that self-sufficiency is more likely to be achieved when support is denied. Our results suggest that any effort to engage lowincome unwed mothers in work activity should consider the importance of support for employment. Rebecca S. Powers is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at East Carolina University. Her research interests include social inequality, gender, work, and immigration. She is currently studying the effects of gender norms and employment outcomes for single mothers. Michelle M. Livermore is an assistant professor in the School of Social Work at Louisiana State University. Her work focuses on poverty and related policies, in particular factors related to work among poor women and social capital in poor communities.     

循环经济技术范式下企业的持续发展研究——构建生态型企业管理模式

在循环经济技术范式下构建生态型企业,无论对企业自身的持续发展,还是对我国社会的整体持续发展进程都有着深远的意义。企业的生态化转型要以生态化的企业发展战略为方向,以生态型文化为企业的价值取向,并需要对企业的生产、经营管理、支撑技术体系、管理对象系统进行生态化机制的集成和创新。     

外商直接投资与产业集群的相互促进关系研究——基于江苏省的实证分析

通过江苏省的实证研究,本文提出产业集群与外商直接投资确实存在相互促进关系:外资的进入使产业集群的分工协作深化、竞争力提升,产业集群独特的区位优势也可以吸引外资以取得进一步发展。最后,提出了如何利用外资,更好的发展产业集群的政策建议。     

明代宋史学者的多元化史料观

明代学者从事宋史撰述的取材范围,业已打破仅凭主流文献——《宋史》等主要文献的单一格局,开始自觉适应宋史史料的发展趋势,扩充史料的利用范围。不但广泛搜集传统史料,其中涉及编年、纪传、政书、野史笔记、方志、传记、诏令奏议、类书、史评、文集等各类史料;而且扩充新史料,开拓以往学者不太注意的碑铭、志文、语录、策问、诗丈、题咏等史料群,挖掘各类史料的特有价值,立足研究重点,择取所需,也关注宋史研究的新动态,借鉴吸收本朝人的最新成果,充分显示了其多元化史料观。明代宋史学者开阔的史料学理念保证了宋史著述的质量,为我国宋史研究做出了重大贡献。     

抑制通货紧缩政策的效果及对策研究

针对我国目前的通货紧缩状况,及其与众不同的特点,采取了继续加大货币供应量的货币政策。但对目前通货紧缩的抑制作用不是很明显,实际上增加货币供应量难以解决物价下降的问题。本文针对我国通货紧缩产生的原因,分析货币供应量的增减变化对减缓物价下降产生的效果和影响及应采取的相关措施。