Ecological risk-benefit analysis of a wetland development based on risk assessment using "expected loss of biodiversity".

Ecological risk from the development of a wetland is assessed quantitatively by means of a new risk measure, expected loss of biodiversity (ELB). ELB is defined as the weighted sum of the increments in the probabilities of extinction of the species living in the wetland due to its loss. The weighting for a particular species is calculated according to the length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree that will be lost if the species becomes extinct. The length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree is regarded as reflecting the extent of contribution of the species to the taxonomic diversity of the world of living things. The increments in the probabilities of extinction are calculated by a simulation used for making the Red List for vascular plants in Japan. The resulting ELB for the loss of Nakaikemi wetland is 9,200 years. This result is combined with the economic costs for conservation of the wetland to produce a value for the indicator of the "cost per unit of biodiversity saved." Depending on the scenario, the value is 13,000 yen per year-ELB or 110,000 to 420,000 yen per year-ELB (1 US dollar = 110 yen in 1999).     

《东坡易传》论"道"与"性"--兼论其中儒佛道三家关系问题

着重考察了苏轼在<东坡易传>中对"道"与"性"的论述,发掘了其易学哲学在本体论上的内涵,即以佛道解道、性;与认识论上的内涵,即以庄解道、性.并指出苏轼易学哲学的特点在于"诸家并举,会而不通".其"不通"主要表现在本体层面的佛道之学与伦理层面的儒学之间的不通,而苏轼所心仪之庄学的认识论意义与理论宽容精神正好成全了这种"会而不通".     

《蓝色旅店》的自然主义探讨

《蓝色旅店》的自然主义因素主要包括两方面的内容 :第一 ,小说生动地表现了环境和人的恐惧在人类命运中起决定作用的自然主义思想 ;第二 ,小说客观地再现了人命天定的自然主义宿命观     

An Empirical Investigation of Web Site Use Using a Commitment‐Based Model

Companies throughout industry are interested in retaining existing customers, because customers' continuous consumption of products and services is critical to the long‐term value propositions of most organizations. Thus, decision‐making strategies that promote continuous use and customer retention are of research interest, both theoretically and practically. In the present research, we investigate one important area of continuous usage, that of Web site use. In particular, we use several theories of commitment to understand how an individual's decision to continue to use a Web site is influenced by his or her commitment toward that Web site and the vendor that supports it. Results derived from data collected from 335 users of a variety of Web sites indicated that affective commitment, calculative commitment, quality of alternatives, and trust were significantly associated with an individual's behavioral intention to continue to use a Web site. Implications for customer retention and decision‐making strategies are discussed.     

语言教学中综合能力的培养--专业日语精读课教学法初探

在日语精读课教学中采用精讲词汇、穿插语法和灵活多样的教学方式来提高学生的语言综合能力.本文作了初步探讨.     

Core concepts for share vectors

A value mapping for cooperative games with transferable utilities is a mapping that assigns to every game a set of vectors each representing a distribution of the payoffs. A value mapping is efficient if to every game it assigns a set of vectors which components all sum up to the worth that can be obtained by all players cooperating together.? An approach to efficiently allocate the worth of the ‘grand coalition’ is using share mappings which assign to every game a set of share vectors being vectors which components sum up to one. Every component of a share vector is the corresponding players' share in the total payoff that is to be distributed among the players. In this paper we discuss a class of share mappings containing the (Shapley) share-core, the Banzhaf share-core and the Large Banzhaf share-core, and provide characterizations of this class of share mappings. Received: 9 August 1999/Accepted: 25 April 2000     

Small Business Success in Rural Communities: Explaining the Sex Gap*

Abstract Building on previous theory and research, we propose a “structural relational” view of the sex gap in small business success. Our findings, based on analyses of data from 423 small business owners in Iowa, show support for our model and suggest that links between owners, social relational processes, business structure, and small business success operate differently depending on the industry location of the business and the owner's sex. Results also indicate that the business owner's sex has direct and indirect effects on business success. This finding suggests that social relations, organizations, and institutions are all gendered in ways that influence the sex gap in sales, but that further research is needed to more fully explain sex differences in small business success. We discuss these and other findings in terms of their theoretical and practical implications, and suggest directions for future research.     

Work Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Conceptual Frameworks for Counseling Lesbian,Gay, and Bisexual Clients

Two conceptual models are proposed in this article—one for work discrimination and the other for discrimination coping strategies pertaining to lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers. The work discrimination model includes 3 dimensions (formal vs. informal, potential vs. encountered, and perceived vs. real). The coping strategies model outlines methods that deal with potential and encountered discriminations. It includes vocational choice and work adjustment strategies; the latter are further categorized under identity management or discrimination management strategies.     

主体间性与交往

主体间性是现代西方哲学中主要概念之一 ,国内在对此问题进行讨论时存在着泛化的倾向 ,把它等同于交往关系。其实 ,主体间性是讲主体间的作用与沟通。而交往是指人与人与之间的交流与交换 ,后者较为宽泛。在交往活动中 ,人作为主体参与程度不同 ,只有交往活动中达到互为主体时才有主体间性 ,这种交往一般是精神性的     

Great Expectations. Part I: On the Customizability of Generalized Expected Utility

We propose a generalization of expected utility that we call generalized EU (GEU), where a decision maker’s beliefs are represented by plausibility measures and the decision maker’s tastes are represented by general (i.e., not necessarily real-valued) utility functions. We show that every agent, “rational” or not, can be modeled as a GEU maximizer. We then show that we can customize GEU by selectively imposing just the constraints we want. In particular, we show how each of Savage’s postulates corresponds to constraints on GEU.