数字资本主义在数字健康领域对公共利益价值内涵的重构

近年来,所有主要的大型消费科技公司都进入了健康研究领域。这种谷歌式数字健康引出一个问题,即在研究中,公共利益如何得以维系?只有将谷歌式数字健康置于数字资本主义的政治经济中,才能更好地突出公共利益和公共价值问题。以往的研究通常把谷歌式数字健康框定在一个双重的、不可通约的分析逻辑中,其中：私人利益与公共利益是对立的,经济价值与社会价值是对立的。虽然有助于揭示数字资本主义的剥削潜力,但是这种分析逻辑是有缺陷的,因为它只承认关于公共利益的一种理解。通过借鉴博尔坦斯基和泰弗诺的价值理论分析框架,可以发现：谷歌式数字健康对公共利益的价值内涵进行了多重塑造,不仅包括公民价值(为社会做好事),还包括市场价值(创造更多财富)、工业价值(提高生产效率)和项目价值(创新和实验)以及活力价值(促进生命健康)。如果把治理方案看作是一系列价值准则的组合,那么就可以设计出实现和保障公共利益的治理方案。基于此,提出研究进路：探索和构建更丰富的体现公共利益的价值准则体系,对其进行批判性评估,最终制定出能确保“公民”价值的可行治理方案。     

Book reviews

E. Kofler, G. Menges: Entscheidungen bei unvollständiger Information. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 136. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork 1976, 357 S., DM 31.

B. S. Everitt: The Analysis ot Contingency Tables. Chapman and Han, London 1977, 128 S., £ 3.75.

O. Barndorff-Nielsen: Information and Exponential Families in Statistical Theory. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto 1978, 247 S., £ 13.50; $ 28.50.

W. Gilchrist: Statisticai Forecasting. J. Wiley & Sons, London-New York-Sydney-Toronto 1976, 321 S., £ 9.50; $ 19.00.

J. M. Chambers: Computational Methods for Data Analysis. J. Wiley & Sons, New York Chichester-Brisbane-Toronto 1977, 279 pp., £ 11.30.

A. Hughes, D. Grawoig: Statistics: A Foundation for Analysis. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading-Menlo-Park London-Don Mills 1971, 525 S., $ 11.50.

K.Krickeberg, H.Ziezold: Stochastiche Methoden. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1977, 201 S., 13 Abb., DM 28.

Ch. Schneeweiss: Inventory-Production Theory. A Linear Policy Approach. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 151. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork 1977, 122 S., 13 Abb., 9 Tab., DM 18.

S. Dworatschek: Grundlagen der Datenverarbeltung, 6., völlig neu bearb. u. erw. Aufl., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York 1977, 538 S., 200 Abb., 212 Üb.Aufg., 59 Fotos, DM 38.

H. E. Steinhagen, S. Fuchs:Objekterkennung. Einführung in die mathematischen Methoden der Zeichenerkennung. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin 1976, 436 S., 165 Abb., 32 Tab., 49,–.M.

G. Tinhofer: Mathematik für Studlenanfänger, Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1977, 464 S., 191 Abb., DM 38.     

理性经济人假定的制度规范性分析

从理性经济人的行为假定出发,必然的逻辑结论是：无论生产是否社会化、产品的消费是否有可分性、排他性,建立在彻底的私有产权制度基础上的市场经济是最理想的社会经济制度。因此,理性经济人是一个具有明确制度规范意义的分析假定。但这不是一个合理的理论抽象,它难以说明人的需求的形成及其发展,以及它和社会历史环境之间的互动关系。这导致了新古典经济学成为一个虽精致却又严重封闭的体系。     

Career decision-making,career exploration behaviors,and self-regulated learning

Helping individuals make a career decision is a key aim of career counseling. Determining how to encourage self-regulated learning and behaviors needed to achieve this goal often underlies career interventions. The English version of the Career Exploration Behavior survey (CEB-E) measures activities individuals engage in to learn about career options. The present study explored the psychometric properties of the CEB and its impact on various career outcomes. In the first study (N = 498), a good-fitting second-order factor model with four group-level scales and loadings was retained as the best model. In the second study (N = 143), convergent validity and incremental validity of the CEB dimensions were explored through correlation and regression analyses. The CEB predicted commitment making, metacognitions, and vocational identity. Results suggest the CEB-E is a psychometrically sound assessment of career exploration behaviors with potential utility for theory development, program evaluation, and monitoring client progress.     

Exiting shelter: an epidemiological analysis of barriers and facilitators for families

This study examines the role of individual- and family-level factors in predicting the length of shelter stays for homeless families. Interviews were conducted with all families exiting one of six emergency family shelters in Worcester, Massachusetts, between November 2006, and November 2007. Analyses, using an ordinary least squares regression model, find that families with a positive alcohol or drug screen in the year prior stay 85 days longer than those without a positive screen; families leaving shelter with a housing subsidy stay 66 days longer than those leaving without a subsidy. Demographic factors, education, employment, health, and mental health are not found to predict shelter stay duration. Consistent with prior research, housing resources relate to families' time in shelter; with the exception of a positive substance abuse screen, individual-level problems are not related to their time in shelter. Efforts to expand these resources at the local, state, and national levels are a high priority.     

尼泊尔林布族的社会变迁——喜马拉雅山地文化的女性视角

林布族居住在尼泊尔东部,是喜马拉雅山地民族中人口数量相对较多的一个族群。由于历史上印度高种姓阶层不断迁徙到林布族人居住的地方,林布族人被迫抵押肥沃的土地,甚至离开原住地外出谋生。挣到钱的林布族人回到家乡,不仅赎回质押的土地,还开始从事其他贸易,取代往日的头人成了地方精英。林布族人对种姓制度的认识表明了他们具有民族主义情结,但社会结构的急剧变迁又让林布族文化逐渐与印度文化趋同。林布族妇女的权力在社会结构变迁中发生了很大变化,这是经济活动和文化接触等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

The Savvy Caregiver Program: Impact of an Evidence-Based Intervention on the Well-Being of Ethnically Diverse Caregivers

This article reports on the impact of the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) on English-speaking caregivers of Hispanic, Black/African American, and Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Caregivers completed a questionnaire prior to study enrollment, at 6 and 12 months postenrollment. Caregivers in all 3 ethnic groups showed more caregiver competence, reduced depression, greater tolerance for care recipients’ memory problems, better management of their overall situation, and improved perception of that situation 6 months and 12 months post-enrollment. The study demonstrates that in the sample studied the SCP was as effective in helping ethnically diverse caregivers as it has shown to be with Caucasian caregivers.     

Gender, political ideology, and climate change beliefs in an extractive industry community

This paper presents results from a survey on attitudes toward climate change in Alberta, Canada, home to just 10% of Canada??s population, but the source of 35% of the country??s greenhouse-gas emissions (Environment Canada 2011). Results show high levels of awareness, but much lower levels of perceived climate change impacts for one??s self or region. Women expressed significantly greater awareness and sense of perceived impacts about climate change than men; however, gender differences appear predominantly associated with socioeconomic factors. Indeed, in all, political ideology had the strongest predictive value, with individuals voting for the conservative party significantly less likely to anticipate significant societal climate change impacts. This finding, in turn, is strongly associated with beliefs regarding whether climate change is human induced. Particularly notable is the finding that the gender gap in climate change beliefs and perceived impacts is not attributed to gendered social roles, as indicated by occupational and familial status. Instead, gender distinctions appear to be related to the lower tendency for women to ascribe to a conservative political ideology relative to men.