Are sex differences in nonverbal and verbal behavior generalizable to mentally retarded persons?

Sex differences in three communication behaviors consistently found to be more common among females than males — smiling, gazing at one's partner, and sentence complexity — were examined through analysis of interviews with 78 institutionalized mentally retarded adults. While females were significantly more likely than males to smile or laugh, and tended to use longer, more complex sentences, the commonly observed sex difference in gazing failed to generalize to a retarded sample. These findings clarify limits on the generalizability of sex differences beyond college students and other normal populations.This research was partially supported by a grant to the Texas Tech University Research and Training Center in Mental Retardation from the Rehabilitation Services Administration, Department of Health Education, and Welfare.     

Organizations as the building blocks of social inequalities

Most contemporary inequalities emerge in and are constituted through organizations. In this article, we review research at the intersection of organizations and inequalities, bringing the organizational literature and social stratification literature into conversation with one another. In doing so, we outline an emerging theoretical perspective, Relational Inequality Theory (RIT), that helps to make sense of how inequalities emerge within and between organizations. RIT places social relations within organizational contexts as constitutive of inequalities in access to organizational resources such as income, jobs, and respect. Much research supports theorizing inequalities as emerging through social relations within organizations, and we suggest comparative organizational designs as the key methodological strategy to study organizational inequalities.     

清水江文书信息数据库的建设

在短短数十年中,数据库得到了广泛的认同,越来越多的领域要求建设符合使用需要的各类数据库。在文书相关领域,数据库建设也同样受到重视。此方面,徽州文书的研究者成为先行者,2007年,黄山学院启动名为《徽州文书整理及管理软件研究》的人文社科项目,将校内所存徽州文书建立特色文献数据     

Academic Entrepreneurship: Time for a Rethink?

Academic entrepreneurship, which refers to efforts undertaken by universities to promote commercialization on campus and in surrounding regions of the university, has changed dramatically in recent years. Two key consequences of this change are that more stakeholders have become involved in academic entrepreneurship and that universities have become more ‘strategic’ in their approach to this activity. The authors assert that the time is ripe to rethink academic entrepreneurship. Specifically, theoretical and empirical research on academic entrepreneurship needs to take account of these changes, so as to improve the rigour and relevance of future studies on this topic. We outline such a framework and provide examples of key research questions that need to be addressed to broaden understanding of academic entrepreneurship.     

为何少数族群的参与较少?——移民、教育以及选举程序对亚裔美国选民登记及投票的影响

美国黑人和白人在选举投票上的差异性一直备受学界关注,但是亚裔美国人参与投票率低这个问题却没有得到应有的重视。利用"当前人口调查中关于投票和登记的附录",笔者分析评估了对于亚裔美国人及其他少数族群投票率低的四种解释,即社会经济(socio-economic)解释、文化适应(acculturation)解释、差异性回报(differential return)解释、制度障碍(institutional barriers)解释。笔者运用一种统计学模型,能够同时对登记和投票进行评估,得出了四点结论:第一,社会经济解释在解释白人与亚裔美国人的差异性时,没有像解释白人与其他少数族群的差异时那么有说服力;第二,作为文化适应的两项重要指标——移民身份和居住时间——直接影响到亚裔美国人和拉美裔美国人的选民登记,但对其投票的影响甚微;第三,教育通常对参与投票有积极的影响,但是教育对亚裔美国人参与率的影响相对低于其他族群,尤其是白人;第四,制度障碍,尤其是对于选民登记的各种要求,不同比例地屏蔽了很多亚裔美国人,其次是拉美裔美国人,去参与最后的投票。本文的反事实分析(counterfactual analyses)表明,如果没有选民登记这项要求,亚裔美国人和白人在选民投票上将没有区别。     

A property of coefficients of variation for ordered bivariate log-normal variables

This paper considers the maximum and minimum of a pair of log-normal variables with equal mean. It shows that either order statistic has a smaller coefficient of variation than the two original log-normal variables provided the latter are of equal variance. When the variances are unequal, as the variance ratio increases, the minimum (maximum), has a smaller coefficient of variation if the correlation coefficient of the log-normal variables is small (small) and the variances are large (small).     

A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection

The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving. The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably, and also simplifies the analysis.     

阿拉伯伦理学

伊斯兰教前阿拉伯人的伦理道德是由他们生活的自然条件和沙漠社会所决定的 ,是一种不自觉的自然状态 ;阿拉伯人接受伊斯兰教信仰后 ,在人生观、宇宙观、生死观等诸多意识形态领域内的认识发生了重大的变化 ,发生了质的飞跃 ,这时候的伦理道德是一种自觉的理性表现。伊斯兰的基本信仰———确信真主及其使者———就成了伊斯兰道德的基础 ,一切言行都要按照真主的命令认真去做。阿拉伯伊斯兰伦理在道德与行为 (工作、弃恶从善、履行诺言等 )、道德与修养 (容忍、宽恕、平等、民主等 )、主张男女平等、维护妇女权益以及与现代文明关系诸多方面 ,都表现出了它独有的特征