New information and social trust: asymmetry and perseverance of attributions about hazard managers.

It has been argued that news about negative events has a much stronger effect on decreasing social trust than does news about positive events on increasing it. This asymmetry principle of trust was investigated in two surveys that also investigated the perseverance of trust. The possibility that established trust attributions persevere in the face of new information raises questions about the limits of trust asymmetry. The two studies yielded evidence that both type of news (good versus bad) and initial general trust in the nuclear power industry or the food supply industry affected level of trust. Compared to individuals trusting the industry, those distrusting the industry exhibited less trust following both bad and good news events. Study I also found that judged informativeness and judged positiveness of news events were affected by type of news and general trust of the industry. Individuals low in general trust of the nuclear power industry judged both bad news and good news as less positive than did those high in general trust. Those low in general trust judged bad news as more informative than good news and than did those high in general trust. An important implication of the perseverance of trust is to focus attention on including not only the effects of information about specific events and actions, but also on the judgment processes underlying social trust. The Salient Value Similarity model is suggested as one way of accounting for these psychological processes.     

"表演"的概念与本质

本文主张表演是作为口头交流的语言艺术范畴的根本,而表演是一种交流的方式、一种言说的方式.表演建立或者展现了一个阐释性的框架.表演存在于表演者对观众承担的展示自己交际能力的责任中.     

左丘明与《左传》《国语》关系考论

《左传》作者是否为左丘明至今仍有争议 ,争议的主要原因是左丘明生活年代与孔子同时而《左传》却成书在公元前 4 0 3年之后。本文借助一些史料推理分析 ,认为左丘明当是《左传》的始撰写者 ,撰写内容传授给弟子 ,其弟子据自己亲眼所见对预言及某些内容按照左丘明的思维轨迹进行了调整增删 ,最后的定稿人至少活到了公元前 4 0 3年。关于左丘明与《国语》的关系 ,本文通过对写作过程的逻辑推理 ,认为编撰《国语》是撰写《左传》的必经步骤 ,但是左丘明编撰之《国语》今已不传了。     

苏联强军固国战略溯源

苏联的科技强国战略具有“军事科技优先”的鲜明特色 ,这种强军固国战略在其形成过程中深受列宁、斯大林的重大影响。苏联建国初期的严峻形势逼迫苏联着力发展国防建设 ,他们对先进武器的认同促成苏联的强军固国理念 ,军事科技的二战实效校验了苏联强军固国实践。     

The ‘Freshman 5’: A Meta-Analysis of Weight Gain in the Freshman Year of College

Abstract

Objective: (1) To use the available research to estimate the amount of weight gained by college freshman during their first year of college. (2) To identify potential predictors of freshman weight gain. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted in November 2008. The analysis focused on articles published in English scientific journals between 1985 and 2008 available on the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases and excluded studies of weight change over periods beyond freshman year. Results: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Based on a pooled sample of 3,401 cases, mean weight gain was 3.86 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 3.81–3.91) lbs. Potential contributors to gain were recent dieting, high baseline weight, and psychological stress. Conclusions: The first year of college is a period of vulnerability for weight problems. Further research is needed to better understand freshman weight gain and devise appropriate prevention strategies based on predictors of gain.