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991.
Strategic versus non-strategic voting power in the EU Council of Ministers: the consultation procedure 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article evaluates the distribution of power within the Council of the European Union from the a priori perspective of
constitutional design using two distinct approaches: (1) applying traditional voting power indices; (2) carrying out strategic
equilibrium analysis of the EU’s consultation procedure. It clarifies why both approaches lead to different power indications, and investigates the determinants of the differences’
magnitudes. Depending on one’s assumptions about behavior of the consultation procedure’s agenda setter, the European Commission,
traditional indices turn out to deliver a good approximation also of relative strategic power in the Council. 相似文献
992.
Michael?J.?A.?WohlEmail author Travis?Sztainert 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(1):155-169
Attrition can introduce a systematic bias that can negatively affect validity (Cook and Campbell, Quasi-experimentation: design
and analysis issues for field settings. Rand McNally, Chicago, 1979). Current longitudinal research in gambling, however, has generally overlooked the reasons for attrition. The current research
examined the relationship between pathological gambling symptomatology, stage of change and attrition. Three hundred and seventy-nine
participants were contacted 12 months after initially participating in a study on gambling for a follow-up session. Logistic
regression revealed those in the contemplation and preparation stages of change reported higher levels of pathological gambling
symptomatology and were more likely to drop out of the study compared to those in the precontemplation stage. As predicted,
gambling symptomatology mediated the relationship between stages of change and attrition. The implication for longitudinal
research on gambling as well as extant findings that have used this methodological approach is discussed. 相似文献
993.
Benjamin?LevingerEmail author Marques?Benton Stephan?Meier 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2011,32(4):566-585
This study analyzes consumers’ knowledge of their own credit situation and tests whether a lack of knowledge affects financial
outcomes. The unique dataset from survey and credit report data includes self-estimates of credit scores and actual scores
from a low-to-moderate income sample. We argue and show empirically that many respondents don’t know their credit score and
generally underestimate their creditworthiness. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that this biased self-assessment may explain
differences in perceived credit constraints and credit contracts, specifically credit card interest rates. Our research suggests
that an important aspect of financial literacy is self-assessment, and that it is important to encourage consumers to regularly
check their credit reports and scores so as to better understand their actual creditworthiness. 相似文献
994.
995.
In this paper, we demonstrate how age-adjusted inequality measures can be used to evaluate whether changes in inequality over
time are due to changes in the age-structure. To this end, we use administrative data on earnings for every male Norwegian
over the period 1967–2000. We find that the substantial rise in earnings inequality over the 1980s and into the early 1990s,
is to some extent driven by the fact that the large baby boom cohorts are approaching the peak of the age–earnings profile.
We further demonstrate that the impact of age-adjustments on the trend in inequality during the period 1993–2000 is highly
sensitive to the method used: While the most widely used age-adjusted inequality measure indicates little change in inequality
over this period, a new and improved age-adjusted measure suggests a decline in inequality. 相似文献
996.
Fran?ois Bourguignon 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(4):605-627
The distributional incidence of growth is generally analyzed by comparing the quantiles of the pre- and post-growth income
distribution—e.g. the so-called Growth Incidence Curves. Such an approach based on an implicit re-ranking of individual incomes
ignores income mobility by assuming that only post-growth income matters in social welfare. By contrast, this paper takes
the view that “status quo matters” and that social welfare should logically be defined on both inital and terminal income.
This leads to consider ’non-anonymous’ Growth Incidence Curves that plot income growth rates against the various quantiles
of the initial distribution. Dominance criteria that generalize those available for standard growth incidence curves are derived, which
account for the inequality of individual income changes, conditional on initial income. An application to the cross-country
distributional feature of global growth illustrates the analysis. 相似文献
997.
Sheila K. Marshall Richard A. Young Alison Stevens Wayne Spence Stewart Deyell Adam Easterbrook Martin Brokenleg 《The Career development quarterly》2011,59(6):539-558
The purpose of this study was to understand how urban‐residing Aboriginal adolescent–parent dyads (n = 11) jointly constructed and acted on goals and strategies with their social supports (n = 17) to facilitate the adolescents' career development. A modified protocol following the qualitative action‐project method was used. A discrete joint project was identified for each family. These joint projects can be clustered into 3 joint career development projects: (a) navigating toward a safe future, (b) negotiating school continuance, and (c) intergenerational continuity through tradition of care. A 4th project emerging from the data was family survival. Family survival projects supplanted participants' efforts to engage in career development projects. 相似文献
998.
Sascha H?rtel Jens-Peter Gnam Simone L?ffler Klaus B?s 《European review of aging and physical activity》2011,8(2):109-114
Over the last few years, the estimation of energy expenditure with accelerometers has become more and more accurate due to
improvements in sensor technology. Significant enhancement could be reached by model-based estimation regarding different
activity types. The kmsMove-sensor (movisens GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) is a device that is used to compute human energy expenditure
using motion-dependent calculation models. It is outfitted with an accelerometer to measure body acceleration during certain
movements and activities. To validate its accuracy, the sensor was compared to indirect calorimetry as criterion measure.
For this experiment, nine subjects (all males, age 46.4 ± 10.9 years, 28–64 years) were equipped with the kmsMove-sensor as
well as a portable indirect calorimeter and their energy consumption was measured over a time period of 100 min. Additionally,
the energy consumption of seven out of the above-mentioned nine subjects was measured over an average of 7 h. The measurements
took place in a rehabilitation clinic, where the subjects completed their regular daily rehabilitation activities. An analysis
of the data revealed ICCs between the kmsMove-sensor and indirect calorimetry for the time period of 100 min of 0.82 (0.38–0.96;
p = 0.003) and for an averaged measuring time of 7 h of 0.81 (0.22–0.97; p = 0.01). Furthermore, a Bland–Altman analysis for the time period of 100 min led to a difference of the means of 4.3 kcal
(limits of agreement: −94.3 and 102.9 kcal) and for the time period of an average of 7 h to −14.0 kcal (limits of agreement:
−320.0 and 292.0 kcal). These findings indicate that the kmsMove-sensor is an appropriate measuring device with relatively
good accuracy to assess human energy expenditure in rehabilitation patients. However, this study has some limiting aspects
(small sample size, artificial setting) which could influence validity. 相似文献
999.
从古希腊早期哲学家话语研究欧洲思想的起源是不够的,那是传统大树上的枝杈而非根脉。荷马史诗在某种程度上呈现出最早的希腊人的真实历史样貌,其中充满着后世文明人难以理解的野蛮因素。有关神话与传说的知识是重建文明发生过程的主要素材,是将石器时代与文明时代相连接的认知通道。《伊里亚特》《奥德赛》所透露的生活方式和思维方式像一座永久的历史记忆之丰碑,是我们现在所掌握的最早描写欧洲的生活和思想的活的教材。 相似文献
1000.
It is frequently assumed that a poor psychosocial working environment will create conditions that encourage bullying. However, few studies have examined this assumption while comparing work environment ratings of bullied and non-bullied employees who work in the same organization and/or department. The objectives of this study were therefore, first, to investigate relationships between bullying and other psychosocial work environment factors within a particular organizational setting and, second, to investigate if bullied employees reported higher levels of stress than non-bullied employees. A total of 186 blue-collar employees from a Danish manufacturing company participated in the study (response rate of 93%). Results showed significant differences in bullied and non-bullied employees’ ratings of psychosocial factors such as job control, management style, role clarity, social climate, social contact and work centrality. In order to investigate assumptions that a poor psychosocial work environment creates conditions that encourage bullying, a number of analyses compared the company's manufacturing departments with either high, medium or low levels of bullying. Results showed significant departmental differences. Yet, when bullied employees were removed from the statistical analyses, with regard to the perceived psychosocial environment these same departments could be differentiated only on the basis of rated job demands and management style. The results therefore bring into question the assumption that a generally poor work environment contributes to bullying. None the less, they do suggest that management style may directly or indirectly have contributed to a higher level of bullying. Also, bullied employees reported significantly more symptoms of psychological stress and mental fatigue than non-bullied employees. 相似文献