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141.
ABSTRACT

This special issue brings together a mix of early-career, mid, and senior scholars to critically examine current realities of, and boldly imagine future possibilities for, STEM education in the lives of racially minoritized children in the United States. Given the implicit and sometimes explicit aspirations of STEM education to be a counteracting force against racialized injustice, how do students and communities of color experience and make sense of STEM reforms/initiatives? By examining a broad range of STEM contexts including mathematics, computer science, science and environmental science education, and through a diversity of methodological approaches, this special issue aims to contribute to a scholarly conversation about how racialized power intersects with the larger themes and foci of STEM education. In our introduction, we both highlight broad themes of the issue, and offer possible directions for future research at the intersections of race, power, and STEM.  相似文献   
142.
143.
The commonsense view that understanding other people involves the use of a special faculty, that of empathy, has been endorsed by philosophers such as A. J. Watt and David Aspin. When the notion of empathy is extended to special education, as Aspin urges that it should be, then a preoccupation with the supposed special nature of the problems posed in empathising leads to the celebration of individual needs and compassion. The doctrine of compassion and the emphasis on the meeting of special needs, key features in some of the work of Mary Warnock, locates possibilities for action at the individual level and in the hands of expert professionals. It directs attention away from conflict and struggle in the arena of special education, and towards a consensual view of ‘need’. Involvement in conflict, solidarity with the subjects of special education in their causes, is seen in this paper as arising out of shared sympathies. The individual power relationship of compassion is rejected in favour of having sympathies with others. It is argued that empathy has its foundation in a misleading account of the relationship between imagination and understanding.  相似文献   
144.
Multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs), a common type of artificial neural networks (ANNs), are widely used in computer science and engineering for object recognition, discrimination and classification, and have more recently found use in process monitoring and control. Training such networks is not a straightforward optimisation problem, and we examine features of these networks which contribute to the optimisation difficulty.Although the original perceptron, developed in the late 1950s (Rosenblatt 1958, Widrow and Hoff 1960), had a binary output from each node, this was not compatible with back-propagation and similar training methods for the MLP. Hence the output of each node (and the final network output) was made a differentiable function of the network inputs. We reformulate the MLP model with the original perceptron in mind so that each node in the hidden layers can be considered as a latent (that is, unobserved) Bernoulli random variable. This maintains the property of binary output from the nodes, and with an imposed logistic regression of the hidden layer nodes on the inputs, the expected output of our model is identical to the MLP output with a logistic sigmoid activation function (for the case of one hidden layer).We examine the usual MLP objective function—the sum of squares—and show its multi-modal form and the corresponding optimisation difficulty. We also construct the likelihood for the reformulated latent variable model and maximise it by standard finite mixture ML methods using an EM algorithm, which provides stable ML estimates from random starting positions without the need for regularisation or cross-validation. Over-fitting of the number of nodes does not affect this stability. This algorithm is closely related to the EM algorithm of Jordan and Jacobs (1994) for the Mixture of Experts model.We conclude with some general comments on the relation between the MLP and latent variable models.  相似文献   
145.
146.
A social work school curriculum designed especially to train persons to manage child welfare program is in its second year of operation. It may provide a model for training personnel in this area.  相似文献   
147.
The deserving versus undeserving distinctions typically applied to poor people are examined as applied to homeless people. When these labels are applied by others, three categories—Lackers, Slackers, and Unwilling Victims—appear rather than a binary division. Further, the role these images play within antihomelessness movements is examined. Images shape strategies, and strategies shape images, both consciously and unconsciously. Three clusters of image and strategy are examined, and the implications for the antihomelessness movement discussed.  相似文献   
148.
This paper begins by raising questions about the role of queer theory in media critique, centering on a discussion of four recent mainstream mass-circulation films with significant lesbian and/or gay content. It is asserted that these films operate within accepted discourses on sexuality that require both the notions of public self-disclosure and of the truth of the hetero/homo binary. The methods used by media productions to disseminate that discourse from a lesbian/gay point of view are discussed in terms of the implications of such mass-circulation films being for many persons a first contact point with that discourse.  相似文献   
149.
Children with problematic sexualized behaviors in the child welfare system   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
This study assessed the utility of the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI) in a child welfare sample. In this study, 97 children from ages 10 to 12 from either foster boarding homes or a residential treatment center participated. Researchers interviewed foster parents or primary therapists about children's sexual behavior, traumatic events, clinical symptoms, and their attitudes toward the child. Findings revealed that problematic sexualized behaviors were more prevalent in the residential treatment center (RTC) sample than they were in a normative sample. The pattern of associations between sexual behavior problems, traumatic events, and clinical syndromes in both the RTC and the foster boarding home (FBH) samples was similar to what has been found in samples in which biological custodial parents were the respondents. Analyses comparing youth who met the criterion for having problematic sexualized behaviors and youth who did not meet the criterion revealed that the two groups differed on clinical symptoms, prior traumatic events, and negative reports by caregivers. Results confirm the utility of the CSBI measure for this population and highlight several important clinical and programmatic concerns for addressing problematic sexual behavior in children in the child welfare system.  相似文献   
150.

Background

In elderly individuals an increased muscle strength contributes to the diminution of the falls risk and associated adverse events. An increasing interest in lateral control exists due to the fatal consequences of postero-lateral falls. Therefore a proper assessment of frontal plane hip muscle strength in elderly is important but remains challenging.Therefore we aimed to investigate the feasibility and repeatability of a hip abductor and adductor maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVIS) and rate of force generation (RFG) test in elderly. This represents an initial step in the development process of a new and clinically relevant test that could lead to more specific treatment protocols for this population.

Methods

In this measurement focused study hip abduction (ABD) and adduction (ADD) MVIS and RFG were tested twice within one to three hours with a dynamometer fixed to a custom made frame in a geriatric population including fallers and non-fallers. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCagreement), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable difference (SDD) were determined.

Results

All recruited persons (N?=?76; mean age (SD) 80.46 (7.05) years old) completed the tests. The average time needed to complete the strength tests was 10.58 min. (1.56) per muscle group. The reliability of the hip ABD and ADD was high with ICC’sagreement ranging from 0.83 to 0.97. The SDD varied between 18.1 and 81.8% depending on the muscle group and type of strength that was evaluated.

Conclusion

Hip abductor and adductor strength measures in older person are feasible and reliable. However, the significance of moderate changes in these measurements may be limited by the large SDD and SEM. Therefore, physical therapist should be careful when using this measure for assessing the progress of an individual person in a daily clinical use.
  相似文献   
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