Gendered Inequalities in Earnings: A Study of Canadian Lawyers*

Cette étude analyse les salaires des avocats et explore si, et pourquoi, les hommes et les femmes reçoivent un traitement salarial différent. Un modèle, tiré de la théorie du human capital et de la théorie de la segmentation des occupations, est proposé. Malgré le fait que le sexe des avocats n'a pas d'effet direct sur leur salaire, les femmes sont désavantagées par rapport à plusieurs facteurs qui augmentent de façon significative les salaires de leurs collègues masculins. Plus spécifiquement, les avocates ont moins d'expérience dans la pratique du droit, travaillent des heures plus courtes, sont moins nombreuses à avoir des enfants d'âge préscolaire et ont moins d'autonomie dans leur travail que leurs homologues masculins. Les résultats demontrent aussi que les avocats et avocates ne sont pas rémunérés différemment pour leurs investissements en capital humain, mais nous suggérons que la discrimination salariale opère de façon plus subtile. Nous faisons aussi des recommandations quant aux recherches à venir. This study examines lawyers' earnings and explores if and why male and female lawyers are differentially rewarded. A model is proposed that draws from human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory. Although lawyers' sex does not have a direct impact on earnings, women were found to be disadvantaged along many of the factors that significantly increased lawyers' earnings. Specifically, women in law have less experience practising law, work shorter hours, are less likely to have preschool‐aged children, and have less job autonomy than their male counterparts. The results also show that male and female lawyers are not differentially rewarded for their human capital investments, but we suggest that pay discrimination may be operating in more subtle ways. Recommendations for future research are presented.     

Trade Unions,Wage Bargaining Coordination,and Foreign Direct Investment

Conventional wisdom is that a high trade union bargaining strength and a system of coordinated wage bargaining reduce the attractiveness of an economy as a location for foreign direct investment, although there is limited evidence for this. The paper takes panel data for 19 OECD economies to examine the relationship between trade union bargaining strength, bargaining coordi nation, and a range of incentives for inward foreign direct investment. It finds a strong negative effect of trade union density on inward foreign direct investment, which is dependent on the degree of wage bargaining coordination. A high degree of coordination weakens the deterrent effect of high union density, which is consistent with the notion that under certain circumstances a coordinated increase in wages can increase profits of the multinationals by hurting domestic firms.     

Can indigenous transborder migrants affect environmental governance in their communities of origin? Evidence from Mexico

Despite high rates of out-migration, Mexican indigenous communities play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. However, little is known about migrants’ role in environmental management. This research brief explores the case of the Purépecha of San Pedro Ocumicho, Michoacán, and its transborder community in the Coachella Valley of California. We find that migrants maintain strong cultural ties to their community of origin. However, many are undocumented, are unable to access steady and well-paid employment, and would be unable to return to California were they to visit Mexico. Furthermore, government structures in Ocumicho are weak, providing few opportunities for migrants to contribute. These factors currently preclude migrants from influencing environmental decision making in their home community. Our findings point to the need for more comprehensive and longitudinal studies to better document and explain the variations in migrant support for environmental governance in their communities of origin.     

The X2-goodness-of-fit tests with moment type estimators

In the x²-goodness-of-fit test the underlying null hypothesis usually involves unknown parameters. In this article we study the asymptotic distribution of the Pearson statistic when the unknown parameters are estimated by a moment type estimator based on the ungrouped data. As is expected the usual Pearson statistic is no longer asymptotically x²-distributed in this situation. We propose a statistic [Qcirc] which under certain regularity conditions is asymptotically x²-distributed. We also propose a statistic Q? for the goodness-of-fit test when the class boundaries are random. The asymptotic powers of [Qcirc] and [Qcirc]? tests are discussed.     

Understanding citizen perceptions of the Eastern Hills of Bogota: a participatory place-based ecosystem service assessment

Urban Ecosystems - Integrated assessment of natural and human systems is regarded as a way to facilitate effective governance of complex environmental issues, and engagement of stakeholders is...