Gender, Educational Credentials, Contributions and Career Advancement: Results of a Follow-up Study in Hospital Pharmacy*

La présente étude sur les pharmaciens en milieu hospitalier démon-tre que, depuis 20 ans, ce que l'on qualifie de «perspectives d'avenir>> présentées par ce secteur en pleine expansion attire un nombre disproportionné de femmes, dont la plupart sont tenues à l'écart lorsqu'il s'agit d'avancement professionnel. Même si les détentrices de qualifications postbaccalauréats ont accédéà de meilleurs postes de premier échelon, elles ont néanmoins perdu l'avantage pendant la première décennie de leur carrière, ce qui correspond aux résultats de recherches préalables réalisées sur les professions non féminisées. Cette situation semble indiquer que ce sont des facteurs liés au sexe, et non à la productivité, qui influent de façon négative sur les per-sonnes qui sont en mesure d'accorder les avancements; de la même manière, au moment de l'embauche pour des postes de premier échelon, ce sont les qualifications plutôt que la productivité qui influent sur leurs décisions.
This study of hospital pharmacists shows that the "opportunity" presented by this rapidly-expanding field over the past 20 years differentially attracted women, most of whom became ghettoized in terms of career advancement. Those women who acquired post-baccalaureate educational credentials obtained better entry-level positions, but, consistent with previous research on less-feminized professions, lost this advantage over the first decade of their careers. The pattern of advancement suggests that gender-related factors serve as a "negative signal" to gatekeepers, irrespective of productivity, just as credentials serve as a signal or proxy for productivity in hiring for entry-level positions.     

The influence of secrecy on the communication structure of covert networks

In order to be able to devise successful strategies for destabilizing covert organizations it is vital to recognize and understand their structural properties. Every covert organization faces the constant dilemma of staying secret and ensuring the necessary coordination between its members. Using elements from multi-objective optimization and bargaining game theory we analyze which communication structures are optimal in the sense of providing a balanced tradeoff between secrecy and operational efficiency. For several different secrecy and information scenarios this tradeoff is analyzed considering the set of connected graphs of given order as possible communication structures. Assuming uniform exposure probability of individuals in the network we show that the optimal communication structure corresponds to either a network with a central individual (the star graph) or an all-to-all network (the complete graph) depending on the link detection probability, which is the probability that communication between individuals will be detected. If the probability that an individual is exposed as member of the network depends on the information hierarchy determined by the structure of the graph, the optimal communication structure corresponds to a reinforced ring or wheel graph in case of an information measure based on average performance. In worst case performance with respect to information it can be seen that windmill wing graphs approximate optimal structures. Finally we give an example how optimal structures change when considering a non-balanced tradeoff between secrecy and operational efficiency.     

On the relationship between speech and writing with implications for behavioral approaches to teaching literacy

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior - Two theories of the relationship between speech and writing are examined. One theory holds that writing is restricted to a one-way relationship with speech—a...     

Moments of the function of non-normal random vector with applications to econometric estimators and test statistics

In this paper we have provided a general result on the moments of a function of nonnormal random vector. The results for the normal case follow as a special case of this result. It is also indicated that the moments of a large class of econometric estimators and test statistics can be obtained by using our general result. This includes least squares estimator in the dynamic model, unit root tests, and the two step semiparametric estimators, among others.     

Sampling a finite population in the presence of trend and correlation: Estimation of total 305-day lactation production in cattle

This paper studies the estimation of a finite population total in the presence of trend. A practical problem of dairy science is to estimate a cow's total 305-day milk production given a number of test-day records. We analyze this problem as one of estimating the total of a discrete population when the population values are correlated and exhibit a trend over time. Linear prediction estimators that are BLUE for known covariance and trend function linear in unknown parameters were applied to the estimation of the milk yield total. An empirical study compares BLUE with the expansion estimator and the procedure currently used by the Canadian Record of Performance for Dairy Cattle.     

Improving the quality of life: Prescriptions for change

The main points made in the previous papers are summarized and integrated and the strategies that the authors have recommended for producing an improved QOL are discussed. QOL is also systematically reviewed in relation to matters of definition, assessment, applications, and directions for future research and practice.     

基于热可逆水凝胶包埋技术的活细胞、模型生物体、寄生动物的高容量成像

活体生物、组织切片、肿瘤球状体以及细胞,往往由于其具有很高的能动性或受布朗运动的支配,因此对高容量成像方面提出了特殊的要求,通常难以实现高分辨率的成像。科学家们试图采用黏附表面和固定化基体(如低熔点的琼脂糖和甲基纤维素)的方法来克服这些问题,但是这些技术也存在一些缺陷,通常并不适用于处理活体生物和细胞。为了解决这些问题,CyGELTM和CyGEL持续热可逆水凝胶封固剂得以开发,并为高级显微技术的发展提供思路。