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81.
Cochran N 《Evaluation and program planning》1979,2(1):1-4
Characteristics of the population and economic measures that constitute traditional social indicators are compared with more recent “quality of life” measures to demonstrate that social indicators are always value statements at the policy level. The possibility of alternative perspectives is illustrated. It is suggested that an awareness of the assumptions implicit in any given indicator is as important as the data they provide. 相似文献
82.
In this article, we first propose the modified Hannan–Rissanen Method for estimating the parameters of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process with symmetric stable noise and symmetric stable generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) noise. Next, we propose the modified empirical characteristic function method for the estimation of GARCH parameters with symmetric stable noise. Further, we show the efficiency, accuracy and simplicity of our methods with Monte-Carlo simulation. Finally, we apply our proposed methods to model the financial data. 相似文献
83.
以TEECE创建的技术创新资源获取机制理论框架为研究起点,进行了开放式创新背景下的拓展。根据其对技术资源与商业化资源的划分,运用"占有机制"与"合约交易"2个关键变量,分别揭示在封闭式创新模式向开放式创新模式转变过程中,创新资源获取机制本质由创新资源控制权拓展为创新资源联合共享,具体表现为2个方面:一是技术资源占有机制由正式制度拓展为正式制度与非正式制度的集合,从而其作用机理从环境决定的外生变量,拓展为企业内生性的战略选择;二是商业化资源交易契约从合约交易拓展为合约交易与嵌入式交易。 相似文献
84.
The authors examine the literature with respect to the pricing of initial public offerings and focus upon the relationship
of pricing to the structure and conduct of the investment banking industry. Using a data base of all share offerings undertaken
in the United States over a two and a half year period, the authors find that there is considerable evidence for the proposition
that large, prestigious, and well capitalised investment banks tend to price their share offerings at a higher absolute level
than those not meeting such characteristics. Using classical statistical methods, the authors find that the pricing strategy
of investment banks is connected to their affiliation with investment funds and unit trusts. The motives for such pricing
strategies, the authors argue, lie with the affiliation of investment banks with investment funds, suggesting that the pricing
of new share offerings may be a means of excluding retail investors from participating in the strong returns such issues exhibit. The authors raise legal and regulatory implications
of their findings in the context of the general consolidation observed within the investment banking industry.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
85.
A novel method was used to incorporate in vivo host–pathogen dynamics into a new robust outbreak model for legionellosis. Dose‐response and time‐dose‐response (TDR) models were generated for Legionella longbeachae exposure to mice via the intratracheal route using a maximum likelihood estimation approach. The best‐fit TDR model was then incorporated into two L. pneumophila outbreak models: an outbreak that occurred at a spa in Japan, and one that occurred in a Melbourne aquarium. The best‐fit TDR from the murine dosing study was the beta‐Poisson with exponential‐reciprocal dependency model, which had a minimized deviance of 32.9. This model was tested against other incubation distributions in the Japan outbreak, and performed consistently well, with reported deviances ranging from 32 to 35. In the case of the Melbourne outbreak, the exponential model with exponential dependency was tested against non‐time‐dependent distributions to explore the performance of the time‐dependent model with the lowest number of parameters. This model reported low minimized deviances around 8 for the Weibull, gamma, and lognormal exposure distribution cases. This work shows that the incorporation of a time factor into outbreak distributions provides models with acceptable fits that can provide insight into the in vivo dynamics of the host‐pathogen system. 相似文献
86.
Social Indicators Research - Income and hours worked are insufficient to measure job quality yet these domains dominate literature aimed at understanding its relationship with wellbeing. More so,... 相似文献
87.
Galiè A. Teufel N. Korir L. Baltenweck I. Webb Girard A. Dominguez-Salas P. Yount K. M. 《Social indicators research》2019,142(2):799-825
Social Indicators Research - The empowerment of women in the livestock sector is fundamental to achieve gender equality. It also is instrumental for increased household productivity and improved... 相似文献
88.
Alfaro Moreno Ana Karina Núñez Velázquez José Javier 《Social indicators research》2019,142(3):911-946
Social Indicators Research - This study analyzes the evolution of salary polarization in the Spanish labor market. The paper proposes the use of mixed distributions to examine the consequences of... 相似文献
89.
Dimitris N. Trakas Mathaios Panteli Nikos D. Hatziargyriou Pierluigi Mancarella 《Risk analysis》2019,39(1):195-211
The increased frequency of extreme events in recent years highlights the emerging need for the development of methods that could contribute to the mitigation of the impact of such events on critical infrastructures, as well as boost their resilience against them. This article proposes an online spatial risk analysis capable of providing an indication of the evolving risk of power systems regions subject to extreme events. A Severity Risk Index (SRI) with the support of real‐time monitoring assesses the impact of the extreme events on the power system resilience, with application to the effect of windstorms on transmission networks. The index considers the spatial and temporal evolution of the extreme event, system operating conditions, and the degraded system performance during the event. SRI is based on probabilistic risk by condensing the probability and impact of possible failure scenarios while the event is spatially moving across a power system. Due to the large number of possible failures during an extreme event, a scenario generation and reduction algorithm is applied in order to reduce the computation time. SRI provides the operator with a probabilistic assessment that could lead to effective resilience‐based decisions for risk mitigation. The IEEE 24‐bus Reliability Test System has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed online risk analysis, which was embedded in a sequential Monte Carlo simulation for capturing the spatiotemporal effects of extreme events and evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed method. 相似文献
90.
Michael A. L. Hayashi Marisa C. Eisenberg Joseph N. S. Eisenberg 《Risk analysis》2019,39(10):2214-2226
Achieving health gains from the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals of universal coverage for water and sanitation will require interventions that can be widely adopted and maintained. Effectiveness—how an intervention performs based on actual use—as opposed to efficacy will therefore be central to evaluations of new and existing interventions. Incomplete compliance—when people do not always use the intervention and are therefore exposed to contamination—is thought to be responsible for the lower‐than‐expected risk reductions observed from water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions based on their efficacy at removing pathogens. We explicitly incorporated decision theory into a quantitative microbial risk assessment model. Specifically, we assume that the usability of household water treatment (HWT) devices (filters and chlorine) decreases as they become more efficacious due to issues such as taste or flow rates. Simulations were run to examine the tradeoff between device efficacy and usability. For most situations, HWT interventions that trade lower efficacy (i.e., remove less pathogens) for higher compliance (i.e., better usability) contribute substantial reductions in diarrheal disease risk compared to devices meeting current World Health Organization efficacy guidelines. Recommendations that take into account both the behavioral and microbiological properties of treatment devices are likely to be more effective at reducing the burden of diarrheal disease than current standards that only consider efficacy. 相似文献