When heterogeneous players make strategic investment decisions in multi-stage contests, they might conserve resources in a current contest to spend more in a subsequent contest, if the degree of heterogeneity in the current (subsequent) contest is sufficiently large (small). We confirm these predictions using data from German professional soccer, in which players are subject to a one-match ban if they accumulate five yellow cards. Players with four yellow cards facing the risk of being suspended for the next match are (i) less likely to be fielded when the heterogeneity in the current match increases and (ii) more likely to receive a fifth yellow card in the current match when heterogeneity in the next match increases or heterogeneity in the next match but one (when they return from their ban) decreases.
Using participant observation and interviews the article examines the social context of emotional stress experienced by railway drivers who are confronted with railway suicides. A consequence of activities around railway suicides is a lack of resources for drivers, to control their body and definition of the self. Whereas the view of dead bodies may be delegated to others, railway drivers are routinely made suspects of involuntary manslaughter. There are various strategies railway drivers have developed to cope with a suicide accident. It is stated a change in the emotional culture of engine drivers: in earlier times it was considered appropriate (and typical male) to bear the consequences of such an incident and not to talk about it, whereas today the naming and expression of emotions, most of the time in the course of psychological treatment, is a legitimate strategy. The authors argue, that coping with railway suicides mainly focuses on techniques to manage emotional stress, whereas activities that produce emotional stress in the first place are not appreciated. 相似文献
This study examined the issue of African-American participation in MFT academic programs. Data for the study came from surveys completed by 25 of the 29 program directors of AAMFT accredited MFT programs and from 90-minute telephone interviews with 15 of the 20 African-American students identified by the participating directors. Results indicate that African-American students and faculty are glaringly underrepresented in MFT master's and doctoral degree programs. For example, although African-Americans constitute 12.2% of the United States population and 5% of all master's degree recipients in the United States, less than 1% of all MFT master's degree recipients are African-American. Specific suggestions are offered by students and faculty for improving recruitment and retention of African-American students and improving program sensitivity to cultural and racial issues which may impede the full integration of the African-American student into the academic program and the profession. 相似文献
This article discusses the dramatic growth of the ‘green’ movement and some of the inevitable effects on business as it becomes an integral element of consumer demand. Consumer pressure forces legislation and manufacturers need to foresee and prepare themselves for regulation. Companies need to establish a benchmark for future plans; identify the immediate opportunities and risks and plan for a broad range of long-term development. 相似文献
This study represents a first attempt to empirically examine the impact of data relating to corporate social performance (CSP) on institutional ownership. Findings, though not statistically significant, are consistent with the hypothesis that institutional investors increase ownership when CSP data are positive and, minimally, do not decrease investment. Additionally, although fewer institutions invest in the on-average smaller and more highly-leveraged firms in the socially responsible group, institutions invest in about the same percent of overall equity, suggesting that they may be making some sort of risk trade-off. 相似文献
Within the context of the creation of the internal market for health care, the paper examines the role of clinical directors, that is doctors who have retained their professional clinical positions whilst at the same time assumed roles as managers within increasingly well-defined corporate organizations providing health care. This represents considerable change from previous contexts in which doctors could always contract out of difficult managerial decisions. The role of clinical director is examined in terms of its own directorate and its involvement in contracting, co-operation and competition both within its own corporate organization and within the wider market place for health. Key issues are raised for the individuals and organization by these changes, they are discussed in terms of time, succession, managing colleagues, financial and human resources, market behaviour, support and terms of reference. These changes occasion wider discussion in terms of the challenge of coping with future demands for innovation, changes in the distribution of power within an emerging market for health care and the relationship among health care organizations, professionals and lay clients. 相似文献
This study explores a program devised to enhance the normal development of toddlers whose psychological development was jeopardized by their mothers' emotional difficulties. Theory about separation-individuation suggests that mothers who are depressed or narcissistically preoccupied will be unable to participate in required ways in their toddlers' development. It was hoped that as the mothers' concerns about separation-individuation were addressed within a time-limited group, the mothers would be enabled to handle more adequately their toddlers' separation and individuation. A six-month course of weekly meetings with five mother-toddler dyads brought about significant changes in the developmental progress of the toddlers and enhanced the mothers' participation in the separation-individuation process.This paper is based on a dissertation project with Roger R. Miller as the advisor and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for, the Doctor of Social Work degree, Smith College School for Social Work, 1977. 相似文献
Implementation of the first Complex Instruction (CI) based unit developed especially for Latvia focused on the Holocaust. It has provided an opportunity to examine issues of ethnic tolerance among Latvian high school students and teachers. Two independent studies were conducted by the first author to measure the impact of the unit. The first study compared the level of ethnic intolerance among students before and after participation in the CI-based unit activities. Results showed reduced prejudice among this group, but also a decrease within the control group. Analysis of these results pointed to the influence of the history teacher. This teacher taught both groups of students. During interviews, teachers indicated that they had changed as a result of participation in CI seminars and through the use of the CI unit. The teachers stated that they felt an increase in self-esteem, empathy and ethnic tolerance. The aim of the second study was to measure attitude change among a larger group of teachers before and after participation in CI training seminars. Results showed an increase in civic responsibility attitudes. Further analysis indicates that the degree of change is influenced by the amount of exposure to and experience with the new teaching methods. 相似文献
Unclear professional norms create problems of role conflict for program evaluators. Four circumstances that produce role conflict and suggestions for dealing with each one are examined. The influence of the organizational context on role conflicts is also considered. 相似文献