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The degrees are a classical and relevant way to study the topology of a network. They can be used to assess the goodness of fit for a given random graph model. In this paper, we introduce goodness-of-fit tests for two classes of models. First, we consider the case of independent graph models such as the heterogeneous Erdös-Rényi model in which the edges have different connection probabilities. Second, we consider a generic model for exchangeable random graphs called the W-graph. The stochastic block model and the expected degree distribution model fall within this framework. We prove the asymptotic normality of the degree mean square under these independent and exchangeable models and derive formal tests. We study the power of the proposed tests and we prove the asymptotic normality under specific sparsity regimes. The tests are illustrated on real networks from social sciences and ecology, and their performances are assessed via a simulation study. 相似文献
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Smith Dean P. Eikeseth Svein Fletcher Sarah E. Montebelli Lisa Smith Holly R. Taylor Jennifer C. 《The Analysis of verbal behavior》2016,32(1):27-37
The purpose of the present study was to assess whether intraverbal behavior, in the form of answers to questions, emerges as a result of listener training for five children diagnosed with autism. Listener responses were targeted and taught using prompting and differential reinforcement. Following successful acquisition of listener responses, the intraverbal form of the response was probed. Data were evaluated via a nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design that included a control series. Results showed listener-to-intraverbal transfer for four of the five participants. One participant required additional teaching that involved tacting the items selected during listener training.
相似文献997.
Due to high failure rates of new products, marketers are seeking ways to actively manage the diffusion of innovations. It
is well accepted that individuals, who exert a remarkably strong influence on others and are usually called opinion leaders,
play an important role in the diffusion process. In marketing, such opinion leaders are typically identified by self-designation,
which can be biased. A second option to identify opinion leaders is the use of sociometric data which becomes increasingly
available. In this paper we examine the effect of social position on the perceived opinion leadership and the resulting behavioral
intention in terms of adoption behavior. In an empirical study, we examine the adoption of a new drug called “Byetta” and
find that sociometric opinion leadership is an antecedent of the psychometric characteristic. Our results also confirm that
such opinion leaders are more likely to adopt innovations. We also find that opinion seekers, individuals who often sought
information or opinions from interpersonal sources, can be more easily identified with psychometric data. They are more restrictive
in terms of adoption. Interestingly, both types are active as market mavens and thus may either advocate the adoption of the
innovation or may be frankly conservative regarding the new product adoption. If opinion seekers can, however, be persuaded
to adopt the innovation, they may also serve as an important multiplier. This has several implications for pharmaceutical
firms that try to optimize their sales force—influencing opinion leaders may indeed start and fasten the adoption process
of innovative products. But it is also necessary to allay opinion seekers’ doubts since they might slow down the adoption
process. The identification of opinion leaders might not only be based on difficult to obtain psychometric data, but also
on sociometric data from social networks, which is becoming more and more available. 相似文献
998.
The two aims of the study were (a) to determine when infants begin to use force intentionally to defend objects to which they might have a claim and (b) to examine the relationship between toddlers’ instrumental use of force and their tendencies to make possession claims. Infants’ and toddlers’ reactions to peers’ attempts to take their toys were assessed in three independent data sets in which the same observational coding system had been used (N = 200). To ensure that infants’ use of force was goal‐directed and not a simple physical reaction, we recorded infants’ reactions when peers picked up toys that the focal infants had just put down, or were nearby or in the focal infants’ mothers’ laps. The use of force in response to peers’ taking over toys was evident before the first birthday, but more common thereafter, although only a minority of children in each sample used force. Analysis of a combined data set revealed that force was deployed more often by 2‐year‐olds than younger infants, and was significantly associated with verbal references to people’s possession of objects. These observations show that toddlers do deploy force intentionally to defend their possessions. 相似文献
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As military conflicts around the world persist, a comprehensive approach in managing behavioral health issues will continue to be a key component of military healthcare. Deployed military personnel frequently exposed to trauma are well-known to be at high risk for developing behavioral health disorders, including combat stress reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder. In the U.S. Army, members of combat operational stress control (COSC) units have unique skills to assist soldiers and their families not only throughout all phases of a deployment, but also throughout a soldier's entire career. The purposes of this article are twofold, first to describe the role of COSC operations with an emphasis on interventions in a deployed environment. The second purpose is to present a case study from Operation Iraqi Freedom highlighting the efficacy of the COSC approach to meet a Soldier's behavioral health needs in a deployed environment. 相似文献
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One hundred forty-six abdominally obese adults age 60-80 yr were studied to investigate the interaction between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and obesity on functional limitation. Obesity was determined by fat mass (FM), CRF was determined by a maximal treadmill test, and functional limitation was based on 4 different tasks that are predictive of subsequent disability. Both FM (r = -.34, p ≤ .01) and CRF (r = .54, p ≤ .01) were independently associated with functional limitation in bivariate analysis.After further control for sex, age, and the interaction term (CRF × FM), FM was no longer independently associated with functional limitation (p = .10). Analyses were also based on sex-specific tertiles of FM and CRF. The referent group demonstrated significantly lower functional limitation than the low-CRF/low-FM and the low-CRF/high-FM groups (both p ≤ .05). These results highlight the value of recommending exercise for abdominally obese adults. 相似文献