Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises

We investigated movement differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles and eyebrow raises during a videotaped interview that included a facial movement assessment. Using automated facial image analysis, we quantified lip corner and eyebrow movement during periods of visible smiles and eyebrow raises and compared facial movement within participants. As in an earlier study, maximum speed of movement onset was greater in deliberate smiles. Maximum speed and amplitude were greater and duration shorter in deliberate compared to spontaneous eyebrow raises. Asymmetry of movement did not differ within participants. Similar patterns contrasting deliberate and spontaneous movement in both smiles and eyebrow raises suggest a common pattern of signaling for spontaneous facial displays.

Forgotten Athletes and Token Reporters: Analyzing the Gender Bias in Sports Journalism

This study considers the coverage of women’s sports and the involvement of women in newspaper sports journalism in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Results of a content analysis (N = 3,382) show that the coverage of, and professional opportunities for, women and men are far from equal in sports media. Further, results of a survey of professional journalists (N = 298) show that despite a widespread acknowledgment of the inequities that exist, male journalists remain significantly less likely than female journalists to report supporting an increased role for women within     

Generalism v Specialism in Human Services Management

The paper focusses upon strategies of adaptation to changing environments adopted by human service organizations. It analyses the influence of the task environment and of the organization's ideology upon the choice of strategies in general, and upon the issue of generalism versus specialism in particular, with respect to two particular human service organizations in Israel — Youth Aliyah and Community Service Organizations. The principal conclusion reached is that specialism is more suitable than generalism for attaining a fit between the organization and its task environment under conditions of rapidly changing, fine-grained environments.     

Kernel Estimation of the Spectral Density of Stationary Random Closed Sets

A non‐parametric kernel estimator of the spectral density of stationary random closed sets is studied. Conditions are derived under which this estimator is asymptotically unbiased and mean‐square consistent. For the planar Boolean model with isotropic compact and convex grains, an averaged version of the kernel estimator is compared with the theoretical spectral density.     

Exogeneity within the M2 Demand Function: Evidence from a Large Macroeconomic System

A large body of literature investigates whether a stable and predictable long-run association between money and its arguments exists. One point of variation between models is whether to include an interest rate measure directly within the long-run relationship. Several recent studies indicate that empirical findings are sensitive to the choice. Therefore, the present article reexamines the empirical significance of the interest rate within a four-equation macroeconomic system. The results suggest that the interest rate (1) may be excluded from the M2 demand function, (2) is strongly exogenous to most of the system's remaining variables, and (3) may represent a common trend.     

The therapeutic misconception: a threat to valid parental consent for pediatric neuroimaging research

Neuroimaging research has brought major advances to child health and wellbeing. However, because of the vulnerabilities associated with neurological and developmental conditions, the parental need for hope, and the expectation of parents that new medical advances can benefit their child, pediatric neuroimaging research presents significant challenges to the general problem of consent in the context of research involving children. A particular challenge in this domain is created by the presence of therapeutic misconception on the part of parents and other key research stakeholders. This article revierws the concept of therapeutic misconception and its role in pediatric neuroimaging research. It argues that this misconception can compromise consent given by parents for the involvement of their children in research as healthy controls or as persons with neurological and developmental conditions. The article further contends that therapeutic misconception can undermine the research ethics review process for proposed and ongoing neuroimaging studies. Against this backdrop, the article concludes with recommendations for mitigating the effects of therapeutic misconception in pediatric neuroimaging research.     

Fairness and Contract Design

We show experimentally that fairness concerns may have a decisive impact on the actual and optimal choice of contracts in a moral hazard context. Bonus contracts that offer a voluntary and unenforceable bonus for satisfactory performance provide powerful incentives and are superior to explicit incentive contracts when there are some fair‐minded players, but trust contracts that pay a generous wage up front are less efficient than incentive contracts. The principals understand this and predominantly choose the bonus contracts. These results are consistent with recently developed theories of fairness, which offer important new insights into the interaction of contract choices, fairness, and incentives.     

Supply Chain Disruptions and the Role of Information Asymmetry

This research investigates how information asymmetry between the firm and its investors can influence supply chain disruptions. In such settings, these actors may be induced to take steps which exacerbate rather than ameliorate both the likelihood and impact of disruptions. By better understanding these mechanisms, managers and investors alike are better armed to avoid the costly consequences.