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51.
Increasingly, the equity investments of individual investors are being channeled through financial institutions. This article posits that the role of institutional owners as financial intermediaries, and the resulting complexity that institutions bring to ownership, distinguish institutional ownership from individual ownership. I develop a model of institutional ownership, referred to as the nexus agency model (NAM), which reflects this complexity. The model provides a framework for identifying the potential additional agency costs to beneficial owners that are associated with owning via financial institutions. The degree to which owning via institutions benefits individual owners depends on the adequacy of the legal and regulatory environment and governance mechanisms in protecting individual owners' interests. The applicability of the nexus model to different institutional owner types is then demonstrated in a discussion of U.S. public and private pension plans and mutual funds, leading to the generation of a NAM-based research agenda for each type and across the types. The article ends with discussion of the model's applicability to non-U.S. institutional environments. 相似文献
52.
Wolfgang Schneider 《Statistical Papers》1988,29(1):3-33
This paper surveys the different uses of Kalman filtering in the estimation of statistical (econometric) models. The Kalman
filter will be portrayed as (i) a natural generalization of exponential smoothing with a time-dependent smoothing factor,
(ii) a recursive estimation technique for a variety of econometric models amenable to a state space formulation in particular
for econometric models with time varying coefficients (iii) an instrument for the recursive calculation of the likelihood
of the (constant) state space coefficients (iv) a means of helping to implement the scoring− and EM-method for iteratively maximizing this likelihood (v) an analytical tool in asymptotic estimation theory. The concluding
section points to the importance of Kalman filtering for alternatives to maximum− likelihood estimation of state space parameters. 相似文献
53.
54.
汉斯·J·施奈德 《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2010,(4)
哈贝马斯主张,为使宗教进入公共领域,必须对它们的文本进行分类和翻译,从而把它们的命题含义与它们的神圣外衣加以分离,以便使它们的意义成为公众可理解的.作者以后期维特根斯坦的哲学为基础进行论证,认为宗教语言不同于科学语言,因为它们涉及不同的生活形式、处理不同的主题,宗教所关心的是对作为整体的世界的生活态度,而科学则对作为物的总和的世界加以说明,因而把宗教的话语翻译成命题的表达方式的做法既无必要也无助益. 相似文献
55.
56.
In this study, we construct a multivariate model that assesses the risk of an outbreak of civil war in a country over a period of 5 years into the future. In addition to structural factors of state weakness, which have dominated the literature on civil war onset, this model includes repression of basic human rights to personal integrity – an important harbinger of wars to come – as an aspect of state behavior. Our aim is not to explore the causal factors of civil war onset, but to build a model that includes indicators that correlate with civil war outbreak and may be used to predict it. Based on two versions of the model – logit and neural network – out-of-sample risk assessments for three different time periods are generated and compared to the historical record of civil war outbreak during those years. In addition, the model’s ability to produce in-sample risk assessments over a 5-year period is tested. Finally, we compute truly predictive civil war risk assessments for all countries for which data are available, for the years 2008–2012. The analyses show that with a relatively simple model and based on publicly available data sources, meaningful civil war risk assessments can be computed. The quality of the predictions exceeds that of prominent studies, in which the risk of interstate war is assessed. 相似文献
57.
58.
William Schneider 《Demography》2016,53(6):1771-1800
Family structure as a risk for child maltreatment has long been viewed as a static state in the child maltreatment literature. Drawing on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the author uses a series of individual fixed-effects models to investigate whether particular types of relationship transitions over children’s first decade of life are associated with increased risk for maternal and paternal child abuse and maternal neglect. Findings question and confirm a number of long-standing theoretical and empirical findings from the child maltreatment literature. Results indicate that transitions to being single are associated with increased risk for maternal child abuse and neglect. In addition, the frequency and severity of paternal harsh parenting may be closely linked with the nature of fathers’ relationship transitions. Last, results largely do not provide support for the theory that the presence of social (nonbiological) fathers increases mothers’ risk for engaging in child abuse or neglect. 相似文献
59.
We interpret the emergence of Jihadist terrorism in the light of contest theory. Al Qaeda may be portrayed as a contest organizer, providing a ‘prize’ to the best terrorist group. Each group maximizes its probability of winning by launching attacks more destructive than previous ones perpetrated by competing groups. This hypothesis is confirmed by the empirical analysis which shows that the number of victims of terrorist attacks increases compared to number of victims of previous attacks in the same country. An upward trend in terrorist brutality is the outcome of competition between groups. Results also show that Al Qaeda-style terrorism is associated with poverty and underprivileged socio-economic conditions. 相似文献
60.
Daniel Schneider 《Sociology Compass》2017,11(4)
The Great Recession was marked by historic rates of unemployment and foreclosure and caused substantial household economic hardship and widespread economic uncertainty. I review recent social scientific research on the effects of the Great Recession on American families. I first generate a set of expectations for how the Great Recession would have affected (a) marriage and cohabitation, (b) fertility, and (c) relationship quality and divorce based on existing sociological and demographic theory and research. I then discuss the key methods that scholars have used to gauge the effects of the Great Recession in these outcome areas. My review of research to date indicates that the recession had modest effects on marriage and cohabitation, but significant negative effects on fertility. Notably, these fertility effects are evident among unmarried and low socio‐economic‐status (SES) women whom prior research has suggested decouple fertility from economic concerns. Finally, there is modest evidence that the Great Recession reduced relationship quality, but it appears that the costs of divorce restrained any increase in dissolution. 相似文献