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11.
Yasushi Matsumoto 《The American Sociologist》2000,31(3):58-71
This article focuses on current trends in Japanese urban sociology as they developed historically. They can be understood
in the distinctive context of Japanese sociology, as the products of an interaction between Western sociological theories
and their adaptation to Japan’s own materials. The article begins with the historical context of urban development and provides
an overview of the development of urban studies in Japan, including issues in the theory of urbanization, the distinctive
character of the neighborhood association, Cbonaikai, and the formation of new local communities in suburban areas. The current trends since the 1980s involve the macro approach
to urban restructuring, studies on urban ethnicity, and social network analysis. Overall, it is suggested that the influence
of American sociology makes Japanese urban analysis comparative.
I thank Claude S. Fischer and Tazuko Hanzawa for their help with editing this paper. Remain-ing deficiencies are mine. 相似文献
12.
13.
Seiji Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1994,36(2):137-143
Wing shedding or de-alation is a common phenomenon among crickets. Its significance and effects on other traits were examined
based on the results from experiments using artifical or natural de-alation. Artificial de-alation at adult emergence induces
rapid egg production and flight muscle histolysis in several species examined. However, natural de-alation does not always
shorten the pre-ovipositional period because it does not occur immediately after adult emergence and because oviposition starts
before de-alation. In some cases, naturally de-alated females produce more eggs than to intact females during early adult
life, but peak ovipositing activity occurs before de-alation. Therefore, retention of the hindwings does not suppress high
ovipositing activity in such cases. It appears that de-alation is a result rather than a causal factor in ending migration.
Ovarian development and flight muscle histolysis, which can be stimulated by de-alation, are controlled by the jevenile hormone,
but the mechanism inducing de-alation remains unknown. The possible factors leading to the evolution of de-alation are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Several studies have already documented how Americans and Japanese differ in both the expression and perception of facial expressions of emotion in general, and of smiles in particular. These cultural differences can be linked to differences in cultural display and decoding rules (Ekman, 1972; and Buck, 1984, respectively). The existence of these types of rules suggests that people of different cultures may hold different assumptions about social-personality characteristics, on the basis of smiling versus non-smiling faces. We suggest that Americans have come to associate more positive characteristics to smiling faces than do the Japanese. We tested this possibility by presenting American and Japanese judges with smiles or neutral faces (i.e., faces with no muscle movement) depicted by both Caucasian and Japanese male and female posers. The judges made scalar ratings of each face they viewed on four different dimensions. The findings did indicate that Americans and Japanese differed in their judgments, but not on all dimensions.David Matsumoto was supported in part by a research grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 42749-01), and from a Faculty Award for Creativity, Scholarship, and Research from San Francisco State University. We would like to thank Masami Kobayashi, Fazilet Kasri, Deborah Krupp, Bill Roberts, and Michelle Weissman for their aid in our research program on emotion. We would especially like to thank the Editor for her excellent suggestions and help in conceptualizing this research. 相似文献
15.
Despite longstanding interest in cultural differences in emblems, there have only been a few systematic investigations of those differences, and to date there is no study that catalogues and compares emblems across different cultural groups to a standard list of verbal messages. This study does so. Encoders from six world regions produced potential emblems from a standard verbal message list. Gestures that were encoded by at least 70% of the encoders in a region were shown to observers from the same regions, and gestures that were judged correctly as the message intended by at least 70% of the decoders in that region were considered emblems. These procedures resulted in the cataloguing of cultural differences in emblems to the same verbal message list. Surprisingly, the results also indicated a small group of emblems that were similarly encoded and decoded across cultures. 相似文献
16.
Summary AsMatsumoto andHuffaker (1973) concluded that their initial universe size was too small for the proper separation of the effects of host density
and dispersion on parasite performance, a larger universe of 38 1/2″ (length) ×38 1/2″ (width) ×3″ (height) was used.
When individual parasites were exposed to fixed densities and dispersion patterns of host, they displayed an overall decrease
in the parasitization rate when compared to the small universe. In all cases aHolling-type response resulted.
When a group of 10 parasites per test was employed a Nicholsonian type of response resulted.
In an experimentally confined space, the parasites displayed a mutual behavioral interference resulting in emigration which
accelerated as the parasite density increased.
These studies were conducted as a partial fulfillment in the Ph. D. program of one of us (B. M. Matsumoto) and is a part of a broad investigation into the processes operating in the dynamics of arthropod populations under grants
toC. B. Huffaker from the U. S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
17.
David Matsumoto Jeff LeRoux Carinda Wilson-Cohn Jake Raroque Kristie Kooken Paul Ekman Nathan Yrizarry Sherry Loewinger Hideko Uchida Albert Yee Lisa Amo Angeline Goh 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2000,24(3):179-209
In this article, we report the development of a new test designed to measure individual differences in emotion recognition ability (ERA), five studies examining the reliability and validity of the scores produced using this test, and the first evidence for a correlation between ERA measured by a standardized test and personality. Utilizing Matsumoto and Ekman's (1988) Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and Neutral Faces (JACNeuF), we call this measure the Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). The JACBART improves on previous measures of ERA by (1) using expressions that have substantial validity and reliability data associated with them, (2) including posers of two visibly different races (3) balanced across seven universal emotions (4) with equal distribution of poser race and sex across emotions (5) in a format that eliminates afterimages associated with fast exposures. Scores derived using the JACBART are reliable, and three studies demonstrated a correlation between ERA and the personality constructs of Openness and Conscientiousness, while one study reports a correlation with Extraversion and Neuroticism. 相似文献
18.
Abstract: At present, Japanese researchers conducting social surveys encounter several difficulties such as restricted access to official registers and a decrease in current response rates. These researchers may expect these difficulties to be solved by the survey techniques or methods developed outside Japan, such as computer-assisted interviews (CAI) and Internet surveys. It is unclear whether the numerous technical differences between survey methodologies developed in Japan and elsewhere imply the backward-ness of Japan or cultural differences. This paper discusses the potential of various recent survey methods, focusing on the culture and paradigms in Japan and the UnitedStates. First, this paper presents an overview of survey techniques, such as computer-assisted personal interviewing, Internet surveys, and mixed modes. Second, it points out the fact that the existence of the registers and different survey concepts might have created the different survey paradigms. In addition, reference is made to the linguisticdifferences between the US and Japan. The results indicate that survey research is more dispersed in Japan than in the US and that survey research adapted to the uniqueness of Japanese culture is not accumulated sufficiently, although such an accumulation is required. Finally, it is stated that not only surveys, but also the concept of methodology, is not very popular in Japan. Furthermore, the development of survey research in the US is likely to be related to pragmatism. 相似文献
19.
Seiji Tanaka Modesto Guardia David L. Denlinger Henk Wolda 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):303-317
Summary Intra- and inter-specific comparisons in progeny size and clutch size were used to identify possible selection pressures acting
on three sympatric species of ovoviviporous flesh flies. Both progeny and clutch sizes increased with body weight of the female
parent in all species. There was no evidence for a simple trade-off between the two traits. In one species, the larger the
female adult the smaller the relative biomass of larvae per clutch (total weight of larvae/body weight of female parent).
Female flies produced similar progeny and clutch sizes over successive batches. Variation in progeny size did not influence
either larval survival or duration of larval and pupal development. However, larger first instar larvae tended to form larger
pupae in two of the species. The experiments testing the effect of progeny size on pupal weight under limited food conditions
suggest a selective advantage for larger progeny size. 相似文献
20.
Summary A statistical and graphic study is presented of the wastage of eggs byVenturia (=Nemeritis) canescens when searching singly and in groups of 10 among hosts at four different host densities in laboratory universes as described
byHuffaker andMatsumoto (preceding paper of this journal). The host insect was the fluour mothAnagasta kühniella and the host densities used were 10, 30, 100 and 200 per universe. Intensity of egg wastage due to superparasitim varied
significantly according to host density, and between the two parasite densities employed, 1 and 10, using bothF-tests and chi-square tests. Plots ofk-factor analysis on this egg wastage showed high negative correlations with host density, and the raw data for single parasites
was well represented by a parabola while that for the grouped parasites departed from this relationship only at the lowest
host density.
These studies were conducted as a part of a general investigation into the processes operating in the population dynamics
of arthropods under grants from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service (#A10-1611), and the National
Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency (NSF DEB7504223) to the University of California. The findings, opinions
and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the University of California, the
National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation or the Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献