Structural and Behavioural Changes in the Short TermPreventive Check in the Northwest Balkans in the 18th and19th Centuries

Fertility responded negatively to grain insufficiency(proxied by grain price increases), and mortality respondedpositively in Croatia-Slavonia-Srem in the 18thand 19th centuries, as in most of Europe. Shiftsin the intensity and timing of these responsesoccurred over time as social and economic structureschanged. Shifts in the elasticity of fertility withrespect to grain supply inversely mimic and lagchanges in the elasticity of mortality. Both appear tobe induced by increasing land shortage, the collapseof feudalism, and differences in the patterns ofadjustment to post-feudal conditions among former civiland military serfs. Generally, responses are strongerfor civil and former civil serfs, who may have been inless favourable economic circumstances than themilitary. Fertility responses in the year of a priceshock come to dominate those in the year following,suggesting a shift from contraception to abortion aseconomic and social conditions apparently worsened andstrategies of control intensified. Analysis of monthlyresponses supports the conjecture based on the annualresponses. The shift to the preventive check and strength of thepreventive check in the same year as the price shockis unusual in Europe and beyond. Analysis is based on25 parishes and employs lagged annual and monthly timeseries analysis with corrections for autocorrelation,in combination with ethnographic and historical data.     

Classroom sex composition and first-grade school outcomes: The role of classroom behavior

Using nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (N = 21,409; 10,452 girls and 10,957 boys; mean age = 7.24 years), the association between first-grade classroom sex composition (CSC), measured as the percentage of female students, and end of the year academic (reading, mathematics) and socio-emotional (externalizing problems, internalizing problems, self-control, interpersonal skills) outcomes was examined. Using multilevel modeling techniques and controlling for prior achievement levels, CSC was positively associated with children’s reading achievement at the end of first grade; students performed better in reading in classes with a higher percentage of female students. CSC was also associated with three of the socio-emotional outcomes; controlling for prior levels, students in classrooms with a higher percentage of girls had better self-control and interpersonal skills and fewer internalizing problems. Classroom behavior mediated the effects of CSC on reading achievement and the socio-emotional outcomes. Implications for the composition of first-grade classrooms are discussed.     

The differential contributions of teen drinking homophily to new and existing friendships: An empirical assessment of assortative and proximity selection mechanisms

Alcohol use is pervasive in adolescence. Though most research is concerned with how friends influence drinking, alcohol is also important for connecting teens to one another. Prior studies have not distinguished between new friendship creation, and existing friendship durability, however. We argue that accounting for distinctions in creation–durability processes is critical for understanding the selection mechanisms drawing drinkers into homophilous friendships, and the social integration that results. In order to address these issues, we applied stochastic actor based models of network dynamics to National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data. Adolescents only modestly prefer new friendships with others who drinker similarly, but greatly prefer friends who indirectly connect them to homophilous drinkers. These indirect homophilous drinker relationships are shorter lived, however, and suggest that drinking is a social focus that connects adolescents via proximity, rather than assortativity. These findings suggest that drinking leads to more situational and superficial social integration.     

和谐视域下高等教育入学机会均等研究

社会和谐是我们党不懈奋斗的目标,实现社会公平又是和谐社会的关键环节和重要特征.在当今中国,最大的社会公平就是教育公平尤其是高等教育入学机会均等,因为高等教育入学机会均等直接反映和影响社会公平,因此,保障高等教育入学机会均等对于构建和谐社会具有重要现实意义.笔者阐述高等教育入学机会均等在构建和谐社会中的意义并分析现状,提出保障高等教育入学机会均等的若干建议.     

早期酋长制群体的聚落形态比较研究——以内蒙古东部、安第斯山北部和美洲中部三个地区为例

对内蒙古东部、安第斯山北部和美洲中部三个地区的早期酋长制群体的聚落形态进 行的比较研究表明,尽管这三个地区的发展过程大致相当,但在这三个地区中,大体类似的转变 却以不同的方式发生,从而导致了三个各具特色的等级社会的出现。最初的、大规模的、以等级 制度原则组织起来的酋长制群体出现后,其发展轨道的早期阶段明显地为后来的、较大的、更复 杂的政治实体即国家的出现创造了条件。通过地域性聚落分析,可以发现这三个地区在不同规模 层次上的人口和社会组织的异同,其中在赤峰和奥哈卡(Oaxaca)地区都存在的小型群体却不见 于马格达雷那高地(AltoMagdalena)的现象,需要进行更深入的研究,才能进一步揭示出在马 格达雷那高地是什么样的社会交流把这些家庭联合成更大的社会团体。     

浅议医学院校化学教学改革的必要性

为了提高高等医学院校学生学习化学的兴趣,培养学生宽厚的知识面。笔者以医学院校的特点及化学教学中普遍存在的问题为出发点,讨论了如何通过教学改革的方法在基础教学中缩短教与学、理论与实践的距离感,激发学生学习化学的积极性、主动性,并结合自身教学经验对医学院校化学教学改革的必要性进行详细论证。     

邬焜和信息元哲学

在2010年8月北京举行的第四届国际信息科学基础大会上,西安交通大学的邬焜教授第一次用英文提交了将近三十年来的信息理论与哲学研究成果。其理论(信息哲学的基础理论:BTPI)聚焦于信息的自然本体论属性,以及它们对于适当理解信息的社会功能的重要性。邬教授的BTPI理论,关于需要统一诸多关键学科及其规划的新信息观,作为一种元哲学对一般信息理论(这次大会的主题)而言形成了一个主要贡献。所描述的理论能够形成一个新的跨学科范式的部分,在其中信息具有核心作用。信息元哲学的协同应用能够为解决信息领域的关键性突出问题做出贡献,并为新兴信息社会的伦理学发展提供进一步的支持。     

研究毕业设计指导方法 提高实践教学质量

毕业设计是实践教学的据电子工程专业特色,结合科研任务的实际情况,大胆探索,找出了实践教学和科学研究最佳结合点,不但培养了高素质的人才,也有力地促进了科研,证明实践教学环节不但可以育人,也可出成果.     

侠的变迁

早在春秋时代,侠已有零星活动,但以团体的自觉的方式出现的侠则源于战国墨侠。纵观中国古代侠的变迁,从先秦而两汉,而唐宋、而明清,渗透于侠的意识当中的仍是封建的纲常观念、实际上,侠的所有外在言行无不植根于传统的伦理道德模式。一部侠的历史,就是侠从“设取予然诺,千里诵义,为死不顾一世”的慷慨气度走向依附关系和奴性意识增强,并最终异化和堕落的过程。     

Modeling the Adenoma and Serrated Pathway to Colorectal CAncer (ASCCA)

Several colorectal cancer (CRC) screening models have been developed describing the progression of adenomas to CRC. Currently, there is increasing evidence that serrated lesions can also develop into CRC. It is not clear whether screening tests have the same test characteristics for serrated lesions as for adenomas, but lower sensitivities have been suggested. Models that ignore this type of colorectal lesions may provide overly optimistic predictions of the screen‐induced reduction in CRC incidence. To address this issue, we have developed the Adenoma and Serrated pathway to Colorectal CAncer (ASCCA) model that includes the adenoma‐carcinoma pathway and the serrated pathway to CRC as well as characteristics of colorectal lesions. The model structure and the calibration procedure are described in detail. Calibration resulted in 19 parameter sets for the adenoma‐carcinoma pathway and 13 for the serrated pathway that match the age‐ and sex‐specific adenoma and serrated lesion prevalence in the COlonoscopy versus COlonography Screening (COCOS) trial, Dutch CRC incidence and mortality rates, and a number of other intermediate outcomes concerning characteristics of colorectal lesions. As an example, we simulated outcomes for a biennial fecal immunochemical test screening program and a hypothetical one‐time colonoscopy screening program. Inclusion of the serrated pathway influenced the predicted effectiveness of screening when serrated lesions are associated with lower screening test sensitivity or when they are not removed. To our knowledge, this is the first model that explicitly includes the serrated pathway and characteristics of colorectal lesions. It is suitable for the evaluation of the (cost)effectiveness of potential screening strategies for CRC.