企业异质、产业集聚与区域发展差异——新新经济地理学的理论解释与拓展

随着新贸易理论发展成为新新贸易理论,新经济地理学自然发展成为新新经济地理学。新经济地理学解释同质劳动者和企业的区位选择行为如何影响空间异质的形成与发展,而新新经济地理学则探讨微观异质劳动者、企业异质如何影响总体经济的形成与发展,重新解释了现实中产业集聚、要素流动与经济活动的地理分布的关系。地区间消费者偏好水平的不同决定了企业与劳动力的转移方向,发达地区意味着消费者偏好更加多样化,从而导致企业与劳动力向发达地区转移。落后地区与发达地区的发展与彼此对外市场开放度存在相互依赖。落后地区向外开放市场的意愿程度更弱,但是随着发达地区对落后地区开放市场,在一定程度上能自动导致落后地区对发达地区的市场开放度也逐渐增加,从而最终有利于区域经济一体化的发展。劳动者之间的就业竞争加剧,将相对降低发达地区的工资水平。由于落后地区总有一定的市场需求,有可能促使劳动者回流,从而棒—棒均衡在现实中存在的可能性很小。     

老司城“申遗”:路径的选择

永顺老司城遗址从省级重点文物保护单位最终跻身于申报世界遗产行列,经历了长达五十三年的准备期。老司城遗址申遗个案表明：土司遗产走向申遗,主要是能够揭示价值、凸显价值、宣传价值和肯定价值。申遗准备的周期可以缩短,关键是要有效地整合地方考古、高校调研、权威媒体报道、大型会议肯定和政府的决心等五大优势。     

西部民族地区产业集聚的实证分析

产业集聚是经济一体化过程中的经济发展现象。产业的集聚程度从一个侧面反映了产业的竞争力,反映出一个区域或国家的经济实力。本文采用实证研究的方法,通过构建静态和动态指标模型,对西部民族地区产业的空间集聚程度进行了测定,并根据计算结果对西部民族地区产业集聚的发展变化作出评估和比较。在新一轮的西部大开发时期,为了寻求更为有利的生产经营地点,抢占市场制高点,西部民族地区要利用自身在资源等方面的比较优势,吸引产业资本和先进技术以创造后发优势,并通过产业结构的优化来逐步获取竞争优势,从而增强自身的内生发展能力。     

从文化哲学看科学发展观

从文化哲学的观点来看,科学发展观通过解答当代哲学发展中的三个主要问题而成为马克思主义哲学中国化的新成果:第一,科学发展观的理性是什么?是科学理性,还是文化理性?第二,科学发展观的发展模式是什么?是经济增长,还是文化发展?第三,科学发展观的文明理念是什么?是生态主义的生态文明观,还是马克思主义的生态文明观?科学发展观以发展为第一要义,以人为本,以全面协调可持续为基本要求,实际上是以文化理性为理性基础,选择文化发展模式,坚持马克思主义的生态文明观,这三个方面构成了科学发展观的哲学内涵,从而证明,科学发展观提出了21世纪中国发展的新理念,是中国特色社会主义理论体系的核心价值理念.     

中日韩贸易结构的变迁及影响因素分析

文章通过测算1962—2010年中日韩三大类产品的贸易特化系数得出:中日韩三国的贸易结构升级呈现出明显的阶段性和"赶超",贸易竞争力按初级产品→一般产品→机械类产品的路径变化。韩国和中国的贸易结构升级较快,呈现向日本贸易结构收敛的明显趋势,这表明日韩、日中的贸易竞争性在增强,但日本"头雁"的领先地位并未改变。三国贸易结构的演变受内部和外部因素影响,其中,国际投资和国际贸易在国家间技术和资金传递上有重要作用。     

Foraging in the tropics: relationships among species’ abundances,niche asymmetries and body condition in an urban avian assemblage

Two main theories attempt to explain species coexistence: the neutral theory considers all the species as equivalents so biodiversity is mainly regarded as a function of total available resources (i.e. niche expansion), while the niche theory stresses the relevance of differences in niche use between species (i.e. niche packing). The relative importance of these forces is under discussion and has been largely tested in natural ecosystems. However, few studies have addressed this issue in tropical-urban environments. In this work we studied niche overlap asymmetries among the most common urban resident birds, and the effect of habitat type on this pattern, in a subtropical location of South China (Nanning, Guangxi). We found differences in abundances and niche use among species and urban habitats (parks, streets and orchards). We also recorded strong asymmetries in niche use between species, which we divided into three categories: species with positive asymmetries, which showed highly specific niches and were able to exploit other species’ niches; species with neutral asymmetries, which showed high levels of niche overlap with the rest of species; and species with negative asymmetries, which showed low specificity in their niches and were unable to exploit other species’ niches. These differences in niche use correlated with differences in fat scores. Species from the first group showed higher fat scores than other two groups. Ultimately, niche asymmetries correlated with species’ body condition and mediated their differences in abundance, which supports the view that in this urban context niche theory is more appropriate than neutral theory.     

The last of the Li: ritual texts and shifting ethnicities in Hainan

On Hainan, it is commonly believed that people who identify themselves as Han employ ritual masters (commonly known as daogong 道公) who use texts, while those who view themselves as Li employ the service of geba (no applicable Chinese characters) who do not. This paper argues that the use of Chinese ritual texts implies that the specialist possessing them belongs to a larger religious movement, while those specialists without texts emphasize their own powers as well as those of the masters who instructed them. At the same time, however, my historical and field research indicates that the use of texts has been spreading throughout the Five Finger Mountain region throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, thereby prompting significant changes towards hybrid rituals and the denial of any Li connection. While the ethnic differentiation (minzu shibie 民族識別) campaigns beginning in the 1950s have promoted a sense of ethnic identity, the growing use of written texts indicates that Li ritual practices have been converging with those of the Han.     

Estimation and Prediction in the Presence of Spatial Confounding for Spatial Linear Models

In studies that produce data with spatial structure, it is common that covariates of interest vary spatially in addition to the error. Because of this, the error and covariate are often correlated. When this occurs, it is difficult to distinguish the covariate effect from residual spatial variation. In an i.i.d. normal error setting, it is well known that this type of correlation produces biased coefficient estimates, but predictions remain unbiased. In a spatial setting, recent studies have shown that coefficient estimates remain biased, but spatial prediction has not been addressed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more detailed study of coefficient estimation from spatial models when covariate and error are correlated and then begin a formal study regarding spatial prediction. This is carried out by investigating properties of the generalized least squares estimator and the best linear unbiased predictor when a spatial random effect and a covariate are jointly modelled. Under this setup, we demonstrate that the mean squared prediction error is possibly reduced when covariate and error are correlated.     

Likelihood ratio test-based chart for monitoring the process variability

This article proposes a new chart with the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test statistics for monitoring the process variance of a normally distributed process. The new chart can be easily designed and constructed and the computation results show that it provides quite a satisfactory performance, including the detection of the decrease in the variance and the individual observation at the sampling point which are very important in many practical applications. Average run length (ARL) comparisons between other procedures and the new chart are presented. The optimal parameters that can be used as a design aid in selecting specific parameter values based on the ARL are described. The application of our proposed method is illustrated by a real data example from chemical process control.