ASPECTS OF CORRELATION IN BIVARIATE POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS AND PROCESSES

This paper reviews some interesting but scattered results that are known about correlation in bivariate Poisson distributions and processes and presents some new results. A particular concern in both contexts is with results and examples relating to negative correlation.     

Using logic programming to facilitate qualitative data analysis

Conventional word-processing programs and LOGLISP, a system which integrates logic programming with LISP, form the basis for QUALOG, a set of computer programs which facilitates the qualitative data analysis process. These programs aid the researcher's conceptual work in data analysis in four areas: 1) formatting the data as text files; 2) creating, organizing, and storing a knowledge base of information about the data; 3) testing knowledge-base queries relevant to working hypotheses for confirming and for disconfirming information; and 4) creating, organizing, and storing files for the researcher's memoranda.     

Discrepancies in Perceived Organizational Control: their Incidence and Importance in Local Churches*

The effects of discrepancies between preferred and perceived control among church members are investigated in terms of amount and distribution of control. For each dimension of control, three categories of respondents are identified: those who preferred a greater amount or wider distribution of control than they perceived to exist within their churches (deficit); those whose preferred and perceived control scores were identical (balance); and those who preferred a lesser amount or more concentrated distribution of control in their churches than they perceived to exist (surplus). For both amount and distribution of control, a perceived deficit is more common than a surplus. Respondents experiencing discrepancies in either direction are more dissatisfied and alienated than those with a balance in desired and perceived organizational control. A deficit is associated with more dissatisfaction (but not necessarily more alienation) than a surplus. Subsample comparisons show these findings hold for both officers and non-officers. Regression analyses show that discrepancies regarding organizational control are important even after other aspects of control have been introduced.     

Depression and dependence upon unsustaining environments

Applying the author's person-environment incongruence model of depression, the relationship between the predisposition to independence or dependence, in both family and work environments, and the presence or absence of depression was investigated. Fifty depressed and fifty nondepressed white women between 21 and 67 were studied. A beginning case was made for the hypothesis that incongruence between a person's predisposition and the environment results in vulnerability to depression. While most depressed women were dependent and in environments that did not meet their needs, independent women in unsustaining environments were also found to be depressed. This is a major finding, since dependence alone is generally thought to typify depressed persons.     

可持续发展的障碍：越权的环境事件

为当代人带来好处的人为环境变化将会给后代人造成可预见的危害。因为“时滞效应”,这些环境变化产生的利弊在代际之间的分配极为殊异。包括生物多样性丧失和全球气候变化等,一些全球最大的环境问题就是如此。对于西方国家的政府而言,这些问题的棘手性不仅在于在实践中如何避免不受欢迎的政策选择,而且还是自由民主制的一个理论问题。当前的政治合法性概念授权政府依据当代公民的而不是后代公民的利益而采取行动。一个自由民主制的政府无权推行有益于后代人利益的政策,因为如果这样做会对当代选民产生束缚。这样做就是政府的越权——超越了决策的合法范围。结果就是所有环境事件几乎都超越了政府解决问题的权限,成为越权（ultra vires）的环境事件。可持续发展概念体现了代际公平,在这个意义上,当前的政治合法性概念就是在阻碍可持续发展。     

Five-year all-cause mortality rates across five categories of substantiated elder abuse occurring in the community

ABSTRACT

Elder abuse increases the likelihood of early mortality, but little is known regarding which types of abuse may be resulting in the greatest mortality risk. This study included N = 1,670 cases of substantiated elder abuse and estimated the 5-year all-cause mortality for five types of elder abuse (caregiver neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, financial exploitation, and polyvictimization). Statistically significant differences in 5-year mortality risks were found between abuse types and across gender. Caregiver neglect and financial exploitation had the lowest survival rates, underscoring the value of considering the long-term consequences associated with different forms of abuse. Likewise, mortality differences between genders and abuse types indicate the need to consider this interaction in elder abuse case investigations and responses. Further mortality studies are needed in this population to better understand these patterns and implications for public health and clinical management of community-dwelling elder abuse victims.