Vulnerability to violence of girls of the street in Mauritania

This article is concerned with an empirical study of girls of the street in Mauritania. This study is original for three main reasons. First, it investigates Mauritania, a country where there have been very few studies of the phenomenon of children of the street. Secondly, it seems to us that though the academic literature on street children sometimes provides comparisons between girls and boys, very few studies focus specifically on girls of the street. Thirdly, the literature focusing on children of the street generally elucidates the mechanisms that lead some young people to live on the streets. On the contrary to previous literature, our study does not directly focus on mechanisms that lead some young people to live on the streets. Our study focuses on the question of the socio-economic determinants of the risk of violence. In other words, whereas the literature, following the hypothesis of aberrant families, uses violence as an explanatory factor for the phenomenon of children of the street, we attempt here to highlight the explanatory factors for the risk of violence and we treat this risk as an explained variable. A novel finding emerges from this study: there is less risk of violence facing girls of the street if the mother does not work. Conversely, the risk of violence is greater if the mother works and the father stays at home.     

Parents’ Working Hours: Adolescent Children's Views and Experiences

As dual‐earner families have become the norm, the different kinds of ‘time’ children spend with parents has become an important issue. We use the 2000 Time Use Survey to identify adolescent children spending time alone at home, and interviews with 50 children aged 14 and 15 to explore young people's experiences. We investigate their views on their situations, appropriate domestic responsibilities and how they manage their time. We suggest that simple parental presence or absence is not necessarily the main issue for children. However, parental employment may be problematic for some adolescent children.     

Agro‐Food Preferences in the EU's GSP Scheme: An Analysis of Changes Between 2004 and 2006

This article examines the extent to which the 2006 revisions to the EU's Generalised System of Preferences improved market‐access opportunities for developing‐country agro‐food exports. It shows that they resulted in only a slight increase in the percentage preferential margin, but that there has been a significant increase in the value of preferential trade and of the preferential margin enjoyed by exporters. This was accompanied by changes in the ranking of beneficiaries. Countries such as China, Brazil, Argentina, India and South Africa maintained their significant shares of GSP agro‐food exports, but other countries such as Thailand and Vietnam have now emerged as major GSP beneficiaries.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith college School for social work 1945

Abstract

This paper examines various psychoanalytic conceptions of trauma, including ideas associated with classical psychoanalytic theory, object‐relations theory, self‐psychology and continuous construction theory. Clinical issues germane to the psychotherapy of children are then discussed and a clinical vignette presented. The vignette focuses upon the psychotherapy of a 10‐year‐old boy, with particular attention given to the narrative discourse that evolved in the course of the boy's therapy. The evolution of the child's narrative is illustrated through the use of transcribed material derived from different phases of the boy's treatment.     

Book reviews

The Patient and the Analyst: The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Process. Joseph Sandier, Christopher Dare, and Alex Holder. (New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1973)

The Writings of Anna Freud, Volume III, 1939–1945; Infants Without Families, Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries. Anna Freud. (New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1973)     

行政法纠纷中调解的出现——英国、法国和德国的经验

德、法、英三国法院都在考虑用调解解决行政法纠纷,但各国的调解方式有不同特征.原因也不同,各国也都有不同的经验和教训,调解在行政法领域的应用或许正标志着行政法的新发展.     

New directions in exploring the migration industries: introduction to special issue

ABSTRACT

This Special Issue explores the directions through which we can take research on the migration industries. In this introduction, we review existing research on migration industries to look at how this explores questions on how migration industries foster, assist and constrain migration. In doing so, we argue that these questions have primarily been approached from three different perspectives: structuralist, labour market and mobilities, but these perspectives often speak past rather than to one another. In highlighting how these approaches can work together, the question that the Special Issue explores becomes how do the migration industries function and when/where/how do they intersect with other domains of migration. In highlighting the contributions that each paper in the special issue makes to answering this question, we show how an understanding of the migration industries is not just a research field in itself, but can strengthen our understanding of migration.     

A simple model for interpreting cross-tabulations of family size and women's labour force participation

Simple 2×2 contingency tables cross-tabulating family size and activity status of mothers are analyzed with a logistic or log-linear model whose parameters can be interpreted as, respectively, the intrinsic value given to work by mothers, the value given to large families, and the degree of incompatibility between work and child care. An analysis of French data for 1968 and 1982 suggests that it is the increased value given to work which accounts best for activity and fertility changes over this time period, variation of the two other parameters playing only a minor role. The same result is observed, cross-sectionally, when analyzing fertility and activity of women across a sample of French couples in 1982 stratified by education levels of both parents. But this simple explanation of activity and fertility differentials does not apply when analyzing fertility and activity differentials across EEC countries, using data from the EUROSTAT Labour Force Survey of 1990.L'article utilise un modèle logistique ou log-linéaire pour analyser des tableaux de contingence élémentaires à quatre cases croisant activité féminine et taille de la famille. Les paramètres de ce modèle s'interprètent respectivement comme le degré de valorisation du travail, la préférence pour la famille nombreuse, et le degré d'incompatibilité entre travail et charge de famille. L'analyse des données françaises de 1968 et 1982 suggère que c'est la valorisation croissante du travail qui explique le mieux les mouvements joints de l'activité et de la fécondité au cours de cette période, les variations des deux autres paramètres ne jouant qu'un rôle mineur. Le même résultat se retrouve, en coupe transversale, si on analyse l'activité et la fécondité dans un échantillon de ménages français de 1982 stratifié par niveaux d'éducation des deux parents. Mais cette explication simple des variations de l'activité et de la fécondité ne s'applique plus si on s'intéresse aux différences d'activité et de fécondité entre pays de la CEE, mesurées à travers l'Enquête sur la Force de Travail coordonnée par EUROSTAT en 1990.