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141.
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143.
Soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide in urban garden systems: impact of irrigation,fertiliser and mulch 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Stephen J. Livesley Ben J. Dougherty Alison J. Smith Damian Navaud Luke J. Wylie Stefan K. Arndt 《Urban Ecosystems》2010,13(3):273-293
Urban green spaces provide important ecosystem services, such as amenity, biodiversity, productivity, climate amelioration,
hydrological and biogeochemical cycling. Intensively managed urban gardens can sequester carbon through vegetation growth
and soil C increase, but may experience nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and reduced soil methane (CH4) uptake from irrigation and fertiliser use. Soil atmosphere exchange of N2O, CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in lawn and wood chip mulched garden areas in Melbourne, Australia in winter, spring and summer under various
water and fertiliser regimes. Gas exchange before and after lawn fertiliser application was measured continuously for three
weeks using an automated chamber system. Applying fertiliser led to a peak N2O emission of >60 μg N m−2 h−1, but overall only weekly irrigation (10 mm) significantly increased mean soil N2O emissions above that in other treatments. Under mulch, mean soil N2O emissions (14.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were significantly smaller than from irrigated lawn (27.9 μg N m−2 h−1), whereas mean soil CH4 uptake under mulch (−30.7 μg C m−2 h−1) was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than in any lawn treatment. Lawns were either a weak CH4 sink or source. Soil C density (0–25 cm) under mulch (12.5 kg C m−2) was greater that under lawn (8.0 kg C m−2). On a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) basis, soil N2O emissions offset the benefits of soil CH4 uptake. Mulched garden areas provide greatest C sequestration potential in soil and vegetation and the smallest non-CO2 emissions, as soil CH4 uptake offsets a large fraction of soil N2O emissions. Results of this study suggest that reducing the irrigation and fertiliser application to lawns can help mitigate
GHG emissions from urban garden systems, and increasing the area of mulched perennial garden beds can also provide net GHG
benefits; however, this needs to be tested in other garden systems with different soil types and environmental conditions. 相似文献
144.
Anna Hollander Maritha Jacobsson Stefan Sjöström 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2007,16(4):373-381
The aim of this article is to analyse the role of the legal representative in therapeutic law, specifically in Swedish administrative court hearings relating to compulsory care. Data are collected from three types of cases where a health or social welfare authority argues that it is necessary to apply coercion to a citizen: the Care of Young Persons (Special Provisions) Act, the Care of Alcohol and Drug Abusers (Special Provisions) Act and the Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act. The data consist of audio-recordings from 39 hearings, supplemented by 28 interviews with participants in these hearings, and court documents. Three primary roles of the legal representatives are identified: defender, spokesperson and therapist. We show how the primary role of the attorney becomes that of the spokesperson, but also that the role of the therapist takes precedence over that of the defender. 相似文献
145.
Received: January 11, 2000; revised version: August 23, 2000 相似文献
146.
Stefan Kühl 《Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching》2006,13(1):5-18
In contrast to the general trend of deprofessionalization, supervision has established some criteria for professions during the last twenty years: wide ranges of quality standards, standardized educational programs, professional ethics etc. This development toward this trend needs explanation. It is argued, that the approach of the development of profession could be successful, because supervision became a successful “parasite” of its “host” social work. The introduction of supervision in social work, however, was responsible for the introduction of coaching as a new profession in the area of organizational consulting. The question is which effects the expansion of supervision towards team and organizational development will have on the establishing of its further professionalization. There appears to be some tendencies toward the idea that supervision will become a part of the development of professionalization as the “perfect nanny of organizations”. 相似文献
147.
Prof. Dr. Stefan Kühl 《Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching》2006,13(1):86-96
Coaching has a problem of charlatanism — a typical problem of new, mainly not structured fields of practices. Besides preventing charlatans from practising, an identification of them is not possible, because of missing standards in education, inconsistent quality criteria, and weak internal professional regulations. The uncontrolled problem of charlatanism — coaching is a special case here— causes an erosion of legislation. The results are multiple efforts of professionalization. This text presents an hypothesis of the problem of charlatanism in coaching, based on 25 interviews with personal development managers, representatives of professional organizations, and observers of the “coaching scene”. 相似文献
148.
149.
Stefan Domonkos 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2015,24(2):133-144
Demographic ageing and the necessity of raising the retirement age is one of the most frequently debated topics among European welfare policy experts. This study used prospect theory as developed in behavioural economics to explain public attitudes towards pension reforms. It argues that, in line with prospect theory, negative incentives are more useful in changing people's attitudes in favour of a higher statutory retirement age than are positive incentives. Therefore, in the case of increasing life expectancy, defined‐contribution schemes that apply actuarial formulae linking the level of starting monthly pension benefits to life expectancy are more useful in promoting a higher retirement age than conventional defined‐benefit schemes, which typically do not forge an automatic connection between longevity and starting pensions. The implications of prospect theory for attitudes towards pension reforms were tested using Eurobarometer survey data collected in 2004 and 2009 in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. 相似文献
150.
Abusive Supervision refers to sustained perceptions of hostile leader behavior. So far, it is mostly understood one-sidedly as a sort of dysfunctional leadership style, neglecting any influence of the addressed follower(s). In contrast, this article conceptualizes Abusive Supervision as a persistent pattern of leadership interaction: It may emerge when leader and follower construct the reality of their interaction in opposing ways and see their own behavior only as reactive to the negative behavior displayed by the other. Implications for coaching practice are discussed. 相似文献