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251.
Previous studies have demonstrated both large gains in efficiency and reductions in bias by incorporating population information
in regression estimation with sample survey data. These studies, however, assumed that the population values are exact. This
assumption is relaxed here through a Bayesian extension of constrained maximum likelihood estimation applied to U.S. Hispanic
fertility. The Bayesian approach allows for the use of both auxiliary survey data and expert judgment in making adjustments
to published Hispanic Population fertility rates, and for the estimation of uncertainty about these adjustments. Compared
with estimation from sample survey data only, the Bayesian constrained estimator results in much greater precision in the
age pattern of the baseline fertility hazard and therefore of the predicted values for any given combination of socioeconomic
variables. The use of population data in combination with survey data may therefore be highly advantageous even when the population
data are known to have significant levels of nonsampling error. 相似文献
252.
International Well-being Index: The Austrian Version 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daniela Renn Nicole Pfaffenberger Marion Platter Horst Mitmansgruber Robert A. Cummins Stefan Höfer 《Social indicators research》2009,90(2):243-256
The International Well-being Index (IWI) measures both personal and national well-being. It comprises two subscales: the Personal
Well-being Index (PWI) and the National Well-being Index (NWI). The aim of this paper is to test the psychometric properties
(validity and reliability) of the translated scale in Austria. Convergent validity is assessed using the Scales of Psychological
Well-Being, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. In addition, a Visual–Analog Scales
capturing “satisfaction with life as a whole” was applied. The participants were 581 students of the Medical University Innsbruck
(female: 47.7%; age: 23.2 ± 3.7). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the IWI was for both scales > .70 (PWI: .85; NWI:
.83). The exploratory factor analysis of the IWI identified a 2-factor-structure identical with the two scales of the IWI
explaining 54.2% of the variance. The convergent validity hypotheses were confirmed, construct validity was partly confirmed
for the PWI being a deconstruction of a first factor called “satisfaction with life” (38.1% explained variance). Happy participants
scored higher on the PWI (84.3 ± 7.9 vs. 68.7 ± 13.7; p < .001) and NWI (64.3 ± 15.8 vs. 57.9 ± 15.1; p < .001) scores than unhappy participants. It is concluded that the Austrian version of the IWI is a reliable and valid instrument
to assess personal and national well-being. Further studies including a representative sample should be carried out on a recurring
basis to use the IWI as an indicator for social science research in Austria. 相似文献
253.
Susan van Schie Stefan T. Güntert Theo Wehner 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2014,25(4):851-868
The present study examined the effect of illegitimate tasks (Semmer et al. Appl Psychol Int Rev 59:70–96, 2010) within the volunteer context. A total of 191 Red Cross volunteers were surveyed to reveal the impact of unreasonable and unnecessary tasks on the volunteers’ work engagement and intent to remain at the non-profit organization (NPO). To shed light on the process through which illegitimate tasks affect outcomes, the mediating role of self-determined motivation was explored. Furthermore, the volunteers’ role orientation was assumed to moderate the relationship between illegitimate tasks and outcomes. The results showed that unreasonable tasks directly decreased the volunteers’ intent to remain. Unnecessary tasks, in contrast, had a more subtle effect in that they reduced the self-determined motivation of volunteers. Also, evidence was found for the moderating influence of the volunteers’ role orientation: Whereas unreasonable tasks were equally harmful for both groups, unnecessary tasks more strongly affected those volunteers who expressed more organizational ownership. 相似文献
254.
This article presents a new way of analysing educational assortative mating patterns, using a detailed ‘micro‐educational’ classification capturing both hierarchical and horizontal forms of educational differentiation. Taking advantage of rich Danish population data, we apply log‐linear models that include four ways of measuring educational homogamy patterns: (a) by returns to education, (b) by macro‐education (five aggregated levels), (c) by field of study (16 categories), and (d) by a disaggregated micro‐educational classification, combining levels and fields of study (54 groups). Our results show declines in educational homogamy from 1984 to 2013, but the odds ratios of being educationally homogamous at the university college and university levels remain of substantial magnitude, by both the macro‐ and micro‐educational measures. The micro‐educational classification outperforms all other measures in explaining the associations in the homogamy tables. The income measure (‘returns to education’) does a particularly poor job of explaining homogamy patterns from 1984 to 2013. 相似文献
255.
König-Kersting Christian Pollmann Monique Potters Jan Trautmann Stefan T. 《Theory and Decision》2021,90(1):31-61
Theory and Decision - We document outcome bias in situations where an agent makes risky financial decisions for a principal. In three experiments, we show that the principal’s evaluations and... 相似文献
256.
Pieter-Jan Bezemer Stefan C. Peij Gregory F. Maassen Han van Halder 《Journal of Management and Governance》2012,16(1):37-55
Over the last ten years, the corporate governance context in most Western countries has changed as a result of irregularities,
increased regulation, heightened societal expectations and shareholder activism. This paper examines the impact of the changing
context on the role of chairmen of supervisory boards in the Netherlands. Based on a combination of thirty semi-structured
interviews with board members of leading Dutch corporations and secondary data on the position of supervisory board chairmen
at the top-100 listed firms in the Netherlands, the study reveals that board chairmen have become increasingly involved in
both their control and service roles. While the demographics (i.e., age, tenure, gender and nationality) of chairmen have
hardly changed over the last decade, chairmen are spending considerably more time on boards and committees, have reduced the
number of board interlocks and have become more active on the forefront of the corporate governance discussion. The paper
highlights several implications for scholars and practitioners. 相似文献
257.
In this paper, a multi-period supply chain network design problem is addressed. Several aspects of practical relevance are considered such as those related with the financial decisions that must be accounted for by a company managing a supply chain. The decisions to be made comprise the location of the facilities, the flow of commodities and the investments to make in alternative activities to those directly related with the supply chain design. Uncertainty is assumed for demand and interest rates, which is described by a set of scenarios. Therefore, for the entire planning horizon, a tree of scenarios is built. A target is set for the return on investment and the risk of falling below it is measured and accounted for. The service level is also measured and included in the objective function. The problem is formulated as a multi-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming problem. The goal is to maximize the total financial benefit. An alternative formulation which is based upon the paths in the scenario tree is also proposed. A methodology for measuring the value of the stochastic solution in this problem is discussed. Computational tests using randomly generated data are presented showing that the stochastic approach is worth considering in these types of problems. 相似文献
258.
Reward‐Modulated Response Inhibition,Cognitive Shifting,and the Orbital Frontal Cortex in Early Adolescence 下载免费PDF全文
Zu Wei Zhai Stefan Pajtek Beatriz Luna Charles F. Geier Ty A. Ridenour Duncan B. Clark 《Journal of research on adolescence》2015,25(4):753-764
Immaturities in cognitive shifting are associated with adolescent risk behaviors. The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) regulates reward processing and response inhibition. This study tested the relationship between cognitive shifting, OFC activity, and reward‐modulated response inhibition in young adolescents. An fMRI antisaccade (AS) paradigm examined the effects of reward conditions on inhibitory response and OFC processing. A validated self‐report inventory assessed cognitive shifting. Compared with neutral, reward trials showed better AS performance and increased OFC activation. Cognitive shifting positively associated with AS performance in reward and neutral trials. Poorer cognitive shifting predicted greater OFC activation. Results indicate lower OFC efficiency, as greater activation to achieve correct performance, underlies cognitive shifting problems. These neurocognitive impairments are relevant for understanding adolescent risk behaviors. 相似文献
259.
260.
Christopher Christodoulou Stefan Schneider Arthur A. Stone 《Social indicators research》2014,115(3):907-917
There has been increasing interest in the measurement of hedonic well-being (HWB), due in part to its broad implications in areas such as health and society. The day reconstruction method (DRM) is a validated technique assessing HWB and daily activities using instructions that help respondents recover their experiences from the previous day, thus reducing recall bias. Unfortunately, large-scale surveys are typically not able to implement the time-consuming DRM procedure; instead, they rely on single-item or very brief questionnaire assessment of HWB and time usage. Despite their wide use, brief questionnaires have rarely been compared to the DRM, which could provide validation of these short assessments. In the present study we compared these two questionnaire formats in 45 adults who completed both a DRM and a “hybrid” short form (HSF) questionnaire that included a very brief procedure to reconstruct yesterday’s events. Results were that the mean HSF ratings tended to overestimate HWB in comparison to the DRM, though effects were generally small to moderate. With regard to estimates of time spent on daily activities, the HSF also differed from the DRM, though with generally small to moderate effects. Correlations between estimates indicated that the HSF explained an average of almost half the variance in the DRM ratings for both HWB (rs ranging from .52 to .97) and time use (rs ranging from .43 to .85). In general, HSF ratings displayed considerable overlap with those of the DRM though the brief instructions apparently did not eliminate recall bias in the shorter questionnaire. 相似文献