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41.
Self-organizing maps (SOMs) introduced by Kohonen (Biol. Cybern. 43(1):59–69, 1982) are well-known in the field of artificial neural networks. The way SOMs are performing is very intuitive, leading to great
popularity and numerous applications (related to statistics: classification, clustering). The result of the unsupervised learning
process performed by SOMs is a non-linear, low-dimensional projection of the high-dimensional input data, that preserves certain
features of the underlying data, e.g. the topology and probability distribution (Lee and Verleysen in Nonlinear Dimensionality
Reduction, Springer, 2007; Kohonen in Self-organizing Maps, 3rd edn., Springer, 2001). 相似文献
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This study attempts to enhance our understanding of the inconsistencies reported in the literature concerning the relationship between work overload and work outcomes. We tested the proposition that work overload should be divided into two constructs based on its source: self-initiated overload (SIO), and organization-imposed overload (OIO). Based on the work stress and job crafting literatures, we expected that SIO and OIO would tend to relate differentially to the work outcomes of job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, work–family conflict, job performance, and helping organizational citizenship behaviours. A study was conducted using three samples, the first consisting of full-time employed students in three countries (N?=?116), the second consisting of the nursing staffs of six private hospitals in Switzerland, and the third consisting of 161 middle manager–supervisor dyads in Switzerland. Two different measures of SIO and OIO were used. SIO was found to have a more beneficial relationship with the work outcomes than OIO, general supporting our hypothesis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
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Uncertainty about the future course of the economy is a potential driver of aggregate fluctuations. To identify the distinct dimensions of uncertainty in the macroeconomy, we construct a large dataset covering all types of economic uncertainty. We then identify two fundamental factors that account for the common dynamics in this dataset. These factors are interpreted as macroeconomic uncertainty. The first factor captures business cycle uncertainty, while the second factor represents oil and commodity price uncertainty. While both types of uncertainty generate a decline in output, time‐varying oil and commodity price uncertainty is more important for fluctuations in real activity. However, nonlinearities seem to amplify the effect of business cycle uncertainty during the global financial crisis. (JEL C32, C38, E32) 相似文献
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This study compares work time data collected by the German Time Use Survey (GTUS) using the diary method with stylized work
time estimates from the GTUS, the German Socio-Economic Panel, and the German Microcensus. Although on average the differences
between the time-diary data and the interview data is not large, our results show that significant deviations exist between
these two techniques for certain types of individuals, especially those with long working hours and flexible work schedules.
We also show that stylized work time estimates have insufficient variation to reproduce a true picture of working hours. 相似文献
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Christoph Kaserer Marc Steffen Rapp Oliver Trinchera 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2012,82(5):85-114
Based on a large panel data set of listed German firms we analyze the corporate payout behavior around the German Tax Reduction Act 2001 (GTRA). The GTRA has considerably changed the tax preference of shareholders and consequently affected the attractiveness of different forms of payout. Using the tax reform as an exogenous source of variation we examine whether payout decisions are driven by corporate insiders or by influential shareholders. We find that the GTRA 2001 reduced both the propensity to pay dividends as well as their size. However, we find that in those firms where management board members hold substantial stakes, dividend payout behavior has not changed in the aftermath of the GTRA. This effect does not depend on the existence of other influential shareholders as for instance institutional shareholders. Hence, we conclude that the dividend policy is strongly driven by the interests of corporate insiders. 相似文献