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81.
Darwin (1872) hypothesized that some facial muscle actions associated with emotion cannot be consciously inhibited, particularly when
the to-be concealed emotion is strong. The present study investigated emotional “leakage” in deceptive facial expressions
as a function of emotional intensity. Participants viewed low or high intensity disgusting, sad, frightening, and happy images,
responding to each with a 5 s videotaped genuine or deceptive expression. Each 1/30 s frame of the 1,711 expressions (256,650
frames in total) was analyzed for the presence and duration of universal expressions. Results strongly supported the inhibition
hypothesis. In general, emotional leakage lasted longer in both the upper and lower face during high-intensity masked, relative
to low-intensity, masked expressions. High intensity emotion was more difficult to conceal than low intensity emotion during
emotional neutralization, leading to a greater likelihood of emotional leakage in the upper face. The greatest and least amount
of emotional leakage occurred during fearful and happiness expressions, respectively. Untrained observers were unable to discriminate
real and false expressions above the level of chance. 相似文献
82.
Although there is strong evidence that single physical, psychosocial and organisational risk factors are each independent predictors of low back symptoms (LBS), little is known about their combination/interaction, particularly in those working in developing countries. A total of 1294 Indonesian coal mining industry workers reported information about physical, psychosocial, and organisational factors using self-reported questionnaires and were placed into one of four combination exposure groups: 1) high physical (working with bent trunk; whole body vibration exposure; lifting) and high psychosocial (high effort; low reward; work stress), 2) high physical and low psychosocial, 3) low physical and high psychosocial, and 4) low physical and low psychosocial (as the reference group). The odds of LBS in the high physical and high psychosocial group was 5.15 times (95% confidence interval 2.69-9.86) that of the reference group. Psychosocial factors played a more important role than physical factors in increasing the likelihood of reporting LBS. Permanent and night shift workers were more likely to report LBS. These findings imply that efforts to reduce LBS in this workplace should address both psychosocial and physical factors but psychosocial factors should be the priority, with a special focus on permanent and night shift workers. 相似文献
83.
Business enterprises run by youth can create jobs and teach the principles of free enterprise but also convey skills that can be used by employees in large companies, as well as political activists and entrepreneurs. Research is needed to test the efficacy of this approach and identify its key components. 相似文献
84.
In lieu of diverse consequences in the demand and supply of health care professionals such as nurses and midwives in Australia
and the world, a firm understanding of the characteristics of staff mobility and the factors influencing their retention could
lead to achieving enhanced service delivery, greater job satisfaction, and the establishment of a more stable and robust workforce.
The research reported in this paper attempts to shed light on qualitative aspects of mobility in health care professional
staff in the Northern Territory of Australia. It builds upon an existing survey study of the quantitative factors that determine
why nurses and midwives come to the Northern Territory, why some stay and why many leave, by analysing additional qualitative
textual responses of participants using semantic network approaches to natural language processing. Our results illustrate
the methodological and policy significance of semantic approaches to knowledge acquisition and representation, especially
in complementing findings of traditional survey analysis techniques, and in analysing the broader social settings, effects
and consequences of staff retention and mobility. 相似文献
85.
Unemployment,Reemployment, and Health Insurance Status Among Older Workers in the Flexible Labor Market 下载免费PDF全文
As employment becomes more precarious, and spells of displacement become more common across the labor market, many individuals are forced to make decisions about the speed at which they seek reemployment and the types of employment they will seek. Using repeated cross‐sectional data from various years of the Displaced Worker Supplement of the Current Population Survey, we examine the degree to which employer‐provided health insurance and organizational provision of advanced layoff warning helped workers—particularly those from earlier birth cohorts—navigate the labor market during a period of growing employment flexibility. Our results indicate that workers from older cohorts, rather than older chronological ages, suffered more from displacement in terms of longer unemployment spells and declines in job quality upon reemployment. Workers able to obtain a job with health insurance had shorter unemployment durations, while those displaced from jobs with health insurance remained unemployed for longer periods of time. Advance notice appears to reduce some of the disproportionately negative effects of displacement for older workers, perhaps by easing the shock of a psychological contract breach. Our findings point to the importance of historical and cultural factors in shaping labor market outcomes. 相似文献
86.
In this paper, we investigate the determinants of corporate reputation, derived from the assessments of managers and market analysts, of a sample of large UK firms. Along with the influences of a variety of firm attributes, we find a reputational effect associated with a female presence at board level. This effect varies across sectors and demonstrates the influence of a firm's stakeholder environment in determining whether a female presence on the board enhances or harms the reputation of the firm. The pattern that emerges indicates that the presence of women on the board is favourably viewed in only those sectors that operate close to final consumers. We argue that the nature of this effect reflects an imperative for equality of representation that highlights the need to reflect gender diversity among customers. 相似文献
87.
Stephen Rainey Kutoma Wakunuma Bernd Stahl 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2017,28(5):1988-2010
This article explores literatures from various sources to highlight and understand differences among key players surrounding the perceived nature and role of civil society in research from different literature streams. Including Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in research activities is an integral part of a broad drive towards integration of science and society. Interest in CSO inclusion in research is widespread, but lacks a coherent focus and clarity on what CSOs are. Without this clarity, CSO-inclusive research, or policy, may be ineffective. This article addresses this gap in knowledge by presenting findings from an exploration of academic, policy and research project literature in order to come to a view on CSOs in research. This culminates in a typology of CSOs and provides a means of identifying types of CSOs. The typology shows four main types of CSO (common cause, shared voice, research-oriented, commercially oriented) and provides a definition for each type, along with a basis for the definition; an example of each; some typical terminology; typical area of activity; properties; typical mission; key areas of interest and their ‘action logic’ in research. 相似文献
88.
Thomas S. Shively Thomas W. Sager Stephen G. Walker 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2009,71(1):159-175
Summary. The paper proposes two Bayesian approaches to non-parametric monotone function estimation. The first approach uses a hierarchical Bayes framework and a characterization of smooth monotone functions given by Ramsay that allows unconstrained estimation. The second approach uses a Bayesian regression spline model of Smith and Kohn with a mixture distribution of constrained normal distributions as the prior for the regression coefficients to ensure the monotonicity of the resulting function estimate. The small sample properties of the two function estimators across a range of functions are provided via simulation and compared with existing methods. Asymptotic results are also given that show that Bayesian methods provide consistent function estimators for a large class of smooth functions. An example is provided involving economic demand functions that illustrates the application of the constrained regression spline estimator in the context of a multiple-regression model where two functions are constrained to be monotone. 相似文献
89.
Stephen C. Wright 《The Journal of social issues》2009,65(4):859-879
The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self-categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of conceptual concerns that arise out of these new directions, and discuss more generally some novel and important directions that emerge from the work presented in the volume and in other recent work on collective action. 相似文献
90.
Stephen D. Morris 《National Identities》2013,15(3):239-255
Heightened integration with the US coupled with the rise of an indigenous movement have challenged and strained long-held images regarding the US and the indigenous within Mexico. As a result, Mexico finds itself facing the difficult task of re-evaluating and reconstructing its national identity. This paper explores the traditional images of the US and the Indian shaping national identity in Mexico and the challenges posed today by neo-liberalism and neo-indigenismo. It sets out a range of current issues, explores the linkages and contradictions, and examines the state of national reform. Fundamentally, the paper strives to raise important theoretical questions and hence set the stage for further research into these issues. 相似文献