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151.
This article reviews currently used approaches for establishing dose proportionality in Phase I dose escalation studies. A review of relevant literature between 2002 and 2006 found that the power model was the preferred choice for assessing dose proportionality in about one-third of the articles. This article promotes the use of the power model and a conceptually appealing extension, i.e. a criterion based on comparing the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of predicted mean values from the extremes of the dose range (R(dnm)) to pre-defined equivalence criterion (theta(L),theta(U)). The choice of bioequivalence default values of theta(L)=0.8 and theta(U)=1.25 seems reasonable for dose levels only a doubling apart but are impractically strict when applied over the complete dose range. Power calculations are used to show that this prescribed criterion lacks power to conclude dose proportionality in typical Phase I dose-escalation studies. A more lenient criterion with values theta(L)=0.5 and theta(U)=2 is proposed for exploratory dose proportionality assessments across the complete dose range. 相似文献
152.
Since the mid-1980s, New Zealand has experienced extensive economic, social and political reforms. The economic impact of
these changes has been closely monitored and much commented upon. However, the social impacts of the reforms on different
family types are less well understood. This paper outlines a project designed to monitor how the reforms impacted upon specific
family types via the use of indicators of family wellbeing constructed from census data. These indicators show that for a
range of family types, the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s varied in their impact, with single-parent families faring worst.
相似文献
Gerard CotterellEmail: |
153.
During the last 10 years, Northern Ireland has suffered the same economic fate as the rest of the United Kingdom—a severe decline in its manufacturing base, and with this a substantial growth in unemployment to unacceptable levels. In response, a strategy for regeneration has been constructed. The main thrust of this strategy has been three-fold:
1. (1) To seek Inward Investment.
2. (2) To stimulate New Firms.
3. (3) To encourage Existing Firms to grow.
The strategy has involved a wide range of schemes of advice and assistance, managed through the Department of Economic Development, the Industrial Development Board (IDB), the Local Enterprise Development Unit (LEDU), as well as local enterprise organizations.
However, whilst many of the problems encountered, for which various schemes have been devised, can be seen replicated elsewhere in the United Kingdom, the basic problems in Norther Ireland are different in character. 相似文献
154.
Sue Curry Jansen 《Qualitative sociology》1980,2(3):22-55
The belief that ‘the stranger’ (outsider, disinterested third party) sees things more clearly, i.e. is more “objective,” is
seen to be a corner-stone of folk wisdom; underlying Western judicial thought and concepts of objectivity in the social sciences.
The author raises the dilemma that both positivistic and humanistic sociologists accept this belief—suggesting 1) that it
is a residue of positivism and a quest for certain knowledge, or 2) the possibility that ‘the stranger’ does gain deeper insight
into group life than members. The paper examines the concept of the stranger, considering the aura of charisma that seems
to have been attached to it in ordinary discourse as well as within the sociological dialogue. Two types of strangers are
described: outsiders and enemies within. Finally, an attempt is made to examine the testimony of prominant strangers as they
describe their marginal status and speculate on the ways that status has made them unusually perceptive observers of social
phenomena. 相似文献
155.
John C. Ory Zelema Harris Sue B. Dueitt Donald L. Clark 《Evaluation and program planning》1978,1(4):265-272
Reported is the development and field testing of an evaluation model used to evaluate the vocational education programs at the Metropolitan Community Colleges (MCC) of Kansas City, Missouri which can be implemented on vocational programs at other institutions. The model evaluated a vocational program on the following six criteria: (1) program's relationship to job market profile; (2) program's level of community support; (3) program's success in meeting vocational aspirations of clientele; (4) program's success in terms of student performance; (5) program 's cost-effectiveness; and (6) program 's success in reaching the handicapped and disadvantaged. The evaluation model provides a strategy and a set of procedures for assessing the quality of existing vocational education programs of study at any post-secondary institution. The model can be easily and inexpensively implemented, thus providing a data base which is useful for administrative planning and decision making. 相似文献
156.
157.
Accidents happen to companies every day, but only some are catastrophic. Minimising them is more than just insurance; the correct strategy is risk management and involves the development of a Disaster Plan and a Crisis Management Plan. Sue Braithwaite explores the setting-up and organisation of such plans which involve, among other things, the interrelationship and co-ordination of risks, responsibilities, back-up contact, support and communications, testing and insurance. She insists that a company's long-term viability must include a developed strategy on the management of risk, loss prevention and control and damage containment. 相似文献
158.
159.
160.
Prediction in linear mixed models 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sue Welham Brian Cullis Beverley Gogel Arthur Gilmour Robin Thompson 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2004,46(3):325-347
Following estimation of effects from a linear mixed model, it is often useful to form predicted values for certain factor/variate combinations. The process has been well defined for linear models, but the introduction of random effects into the model means that a decision has to be made about the inclusion or exclusion of random model terms from the predictions. This paper discusses the interpretation of predictions formed including or excluding random terms. Four datasets are used to illustrate circumstances where different prediction strategies may be appropriate: in an orthogonal design, an unbalanced nested structure, a model with cubic smoothing spline terms and for kriging after spatial analysis. The examples also show the need for different weighting schemes that recognize nesting and aliasing during prediction, and the necessity of being able to detect inestimable predictions. 相似文献