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61.
Adult, male white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were subjected to a variety of social situations ranging from isolation during the 20 day experimental period to constant
contact with both females and other adult males. Contacts included grouping (three or four males per cage) and exposure to
fighters (once daily for 20 minutes). The following measurements were recorded: weights of the body, testes, epididymides,
vesicular glands, vesicular gland tissue (wet and dry), seminal fluid of the vesicular gland, adrenal glands, and baculum;
spermatozoan reserves of the testes and epididymides. Grouping significantly affected both the weight and spermatozoan reserves
of the testes and epididymides, as well as both the tissue and seminal fluid weight of the vesicular glands. The results suggested
a graded effect of all treatments on the reproductive tract. In order of magnitude of the associated response, from none to
greatest, the treatments may be ranked as follows: pairing with females, isolating, handling, fighting, and grouping. All
reproductive parameters measured showed this general ranking, suggesting that the response to the various treatments was similar
and differed only quantitatively. The results further suggested decreased secretion of LH and testosterone, although measurements
of testosterone did not substantiate this conclusion. The lack of significant effects of grouping on adrenal gland weights
strengthened the argument that adrenal involvement is not a necessary adjunct to the suppression of the reproductive tract
in groupedPeromyscus, but the adrenal may be involved if contacts between males result in overt fighting. 相似文献
62.
63.
Noel OSullivan 《英国管理杂志》2000,11(1):17-29
An important aspect of current governance practice is the use of non‐executive directors to monitor the behaviour of company management. This paper examines the extent to which senior executives are utilized as non‐executives in large UK companies. The results suggest that executive directors are not an important source of non‐executive directors. The average number of non‐executive directorships held by each executive is 0.22. Indeed, 85% of executives hold no additional directorships. The holding of non‐executive directorships is positively related to the strength of board monitoring in the executive's company, executive tenure and company size. Executives in companies with greater growth opportunities and operating in regulated industries are less likely to hold non‐executive directorships. 相似文献
64.
Underemployment indicators are both ‘objective’ indicators of individual well-being and social welfare and ‘normative’ indicators for programmatic use. Components of an underemployment indicator framework, the Labor Utilization Framework (LUF), are operationally defined and shown to be closely related to a family of proposed alternatives. Using CPS data, a 12-year time series of LUF indicators is developed for the U.S. labor force and its key subgroups. The across-time heterogeneity of the labor force is analyzed in relation to a ‘basic’ demographic group-by-LUF-by-time contingency, showing how the complexity of labor force structure that emerges from a multi-state indicator of underemployment can be rigorously modeled. Standard loglinear models, which focus on the temporal aspects of data from repeated cross-sectional surveys, provide the analytic technique. Changes in the demographic composition of the labor force account for about 30% of the overall period variability, and age structure has made the most important contribution to the compositional change. 相似文献
65.
In a recent article in this journal, Tipps and Gordon (1985) presented new indicators of underemployment and compared them to indicators obtained from the Labor Utilization Framework (LUF) of Hauser, Sullivan, Clogg, and others. In this note the Tipps-Gordon criticisms of LUF are reviewed, the Tipps-Gordon framework is criticized, and both LUF and the Tipps-Gordon approach are compared empirically as well as conceptually. An extension of LUF is also presented. 相似文献
66.
Terry O' Sullivan 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2006,16(3):369-372
Marketing Management for Nonprofit Organizations (2nd ed.), by Adrian Sargeant. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 424 pp., $69.50 paper. 相似文献
67.
68.
Gavin B. Sullivan Kenneth T. Strongman 《Journal for the theory of social behaviour》2003,33(2):203-226
Gavin B. Sullivan and Kenneth T. Strongman, Vacillating and Mixed Emotions: A Conceptual-Discursive Perspective on Contemporary Emotion and Cognitive Appraisal Theories Through Examples of Pride, pp. 203–226.
Vacillating and mixed emotional experiences are often difficult to explore and understand because they confront the limits of our language's ability to capture private experiences in extreme or abnormal circumstances. In this paper, we build upon remarks by Wittgenstein (1953) to present a conceptual-discursive perspective based on naturalistic examples of individuals vacillating between pride and other emotions. This perspective is used to show how relevant emotion theories contain conceptual errors of the sort identified by Wittgenstein. The "assembled reminders" of shifts between pride and other emotions are presented in contrast to analyses that focus on people's identification of causes of emotions, an approach which leads to theoretical speculation about underlying appraisal set changes or discussion of the empirical justification of cognitive ontology. We bypass a direct confrontation on these issues by examining how people's talk about the content of vacillating and mixed emotional experiences (i.e., aspect shifts) augments a shared "emotionology" with creative expressions and poetic comparisons. This last point is illustrated by the emotional instability experienced by individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Support for the conceptual-discursive perspective is provided by the success of a particular therapeutic approach, the Conversational Model, in ameliorating the developmental disruption of BPD by encouraging participation in empathic conversations. We conclude that a conceptual-discursive perspective undermines the cognitive appraisal "picture" of vacillating emotions and adds to our understanding. 相似文献
Vacillating and mixed emotional experiences are often difficult to explore and understand because they confront the limits of our language's ability to capture private experiences in extreme or abnormal circumstances. In this paper, we build upon remarks by Wittgenstein (1953) to present a conceptual-discursive perspective based on naturalistic examples of individuals vacillating between pride and other emotions. This perspective is used to show how relevant emotion theories contain conceptual errors of the sort identified by Wittgenstein. The "assembled reminders" of shifts between pride and other emotions are presented in contrast to analyses that focus on people's identification of causes of emotions, an approach which leads to theoretical speculation about underlying appraisal set changes or discussion of the empirical justification of cognitive ontology. We bypass a direct confrontation on these issues by examining how people's talk about the content of vacillating and mixed emotional experiences (i.e., aspect shifts) augments a shared "emotionology" with creative expressions and poetic comparisons. This last point is illustrated by the emotional instability experienced by individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Support for the conceptual-discursive perspective is provided by the success of a particular therapeutic approach, the Conversational Model, in ameliorating the developmental disruption of BPD by encouraging participation in empathic conversations. We conclude that a conceptual-discursive perspective undermines the cognitive appraisal "picture" of vacillating emotions and adds to our understanding. 相似文献
69.
Traditional approaches to policy choice typically simplify their analysis by ignoring the question of internal constituency politics: constituencies are modelled simply as a single “generic” voter. We explicitly take into account how differential rates of participation and support by various groups in a legislator's constituency will influence the legislator's choice of policy. Viewing the choice of policy as essentially a question of redistribution of welfare, we argue that riskaverse politicians will attempt, not to be evenhanded toward all groups in their constituency, as some scholars have suggested, nor to direct benefits chiefly to swing groups, as has also been hypothesized, but rather, first and foremost, to maintain their current electoral coalition, and in particular, their “primary constituency”. 相似文献
70.
It is not easy to determine whether water is really scarce in the physical sense or whether it is available, but people cannot get access to it, or use it better. This paper reviews selected physical water scarcity indicators, and criticisms made against them on several grounds. Under the premise that the water scarcity issue is inherently multidimensional, a composite Water Poverty Index has been developed, to complement the traditional physical water indicators. In this paper we propose some technical refinements based on principal component analysis, in order to improve the method of calculation of the index. Using the proposed methodology, the present paper assesses the applicability of the index for the MENA region, by comparing the situation of oil-rich and water-poor countries (Gulf States) with that of lower-income yet water-rich countries (Horn of Africa states). 相似文献