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771.
Armand J. Thieblot 《Journal of Labor Research》2005,26(1):99-134
Each individual wage rate set by Davis-Bacon or by any similar state or local prevailing wage determination petrifies the
outcome of competing views of how construction work should be staffed and paid on public works projects. Although presented
with great precision (to tenths of a cent for both wages and fringe benefits), the level of wages themselves are of surprisingly
little consequence: Those set at union levels soon rise, being automatically updated to new contracts and conditions; the
rest fast become obsolete in any rising market, because surveys to update them are rare. But in addition to setting wage levels,
determinations also delineate which jobs get to have rates set for them, and perhaps most critically, whether those delineated
are identified as union or notunion. Whatever pattern is found may remain in effect for years or even decades, influencing
which journeymen and laborers own what job tasks and who may perform what. Also, if a particular job happens to be set as
union, it may bring with it dozens or even hundreds of related special job categories, grades of sub-groups, fine distinctions
of fringe benefits, and complex divisions of geographic applicability based on local union jurisdictional areas. This study
uses determinations recently made in Pennsylvania as an example to examine the mechanics of the wage-setting process. I find
that, in addition to the endemic problems one might expect associated with a complex and partly judgmental process, every
step of finding and setting prevailing rates includes overwhelming deference on the part of government towards union views
and methods. It shows why unions representing less than 20 percent of the private construction work force consistently set
the parameters controlling most of public construction. It ends with some suggestions on how better surveys and determinations
could be made. 相似文献
772.
Bhaswati Ganguli John Staudenmayer M.P. Wand 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2005,47(2):193-202
This paper develops a likelihood‐based method for fitting additive models in the presence of measurement error. It formulates the additive model using the linear mixed model representation of penalized splines. In the presence of a structural measurement error model, the resulting likelihood involves intractable integrals, and a Monte Carlo expectation maximization strategy is developed for obtaining estimates. The method's performance is illustrated with a simulation study. 相似文献
773.
Anthony E. Ladd 《Sociological inquiry》1991,61(3):299-313
Despite sociopolitical controversy surrounding the solid waste crisis, little sociological attention has focused on this crucial environmental issue. Drawing on research from the technological controversies, environmental concern, and solid waste literatures, this study examines the pre-implementation anxieties of a Louisiana community faced with a proposal to build an incinerator in its backyard. Utilizing survey data, a causal path model is developed in which the perceived advantages of the technology, general environmental concern, and support for recycling initiatives are identified as explanatory variables of incinerator opposition. Implications of these findings for the study of technical controversies and the larger solid waste crisis also are suggested. 相似文献
774.
Abstract Rural women have difficulty finding good jobs. Ownership of small businesses offers an alternative but the sales and income of women-owned firms are significantly lower than those of men-owned firms. Compared with men, women owners are more likely to operate smaller and newer businesses; however, these differences do not completely account for the gap in gross sales between men- and women-owned businesses. The strongest influences on business success are firm size, corporate status, and industrial sector. Though significant, the owner's gender is less important than these organizational characteristics. The factors influencing success of small businesses generally are the same for men- and women-owned businesses. More research on business networks and the start-up phase of small businesses is necessary for a better understanding of the sources of gender differences in success. 相似文献
775.
Cheryl Springer Ph.D 《Clinical Social Work Journal》1991,19(4):405-415
This paper describes specific transference and counter-transference issues that commonly emerge in therapeutic work with adolescents and parents who are in the midst of family transitions such as divorce and remarriage. Psychoanalytic understanding and definitions of transference and countertransference are applied to short-term family-centered cases in which the parent-adolescent relationship is at particular risk. Case vignettes are presented in order to illustrate how transference and countertransference may guide or interfere with clinical interventions that are especially indicated with adolescents whose family structure has changed. Such interventions as well as the use of consultation are briefly described.At the time this paper was prepared, Ms. Springer was Associate Director and a senior clinician at the Center for the Family in Transition in Corte Madera, California. Funds for the research and clinical work that provided the basis for this paper were supplied by grants from the San Francisco Foudation. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the American Orthopsychiatry Association, New York City, March 31–April 4, 1989. 相似文献
776.
777.
This study explored how students choose careers, their attitudes toward vocational education, and whether or not they would consider enrolling in a nontraditional vocational education program. 相似文献
778.
大众消费心理与网络营销 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从消费个性化、消费行为及价格因素等方面分析了当代大众消费者的心理变化趋势 ,探讨了网络营销企业在满足消费者个性化需求等方面存在的心理优势及消费者、引导消费自信等方面存在的心理不足。认为网络营销时代即将到来 ,但企业和消费者还应对网络营销进行权衡利弊 ,做出正确的选择。 相似文献
779.
The EM algorithm is a popular method for maximizing a likelihood in the presence of incomplete data. When the likelihood has multiple local maxima, the parameter space can be partitioned into domains of convergence, one for each local maximum. In this paper we investigate these domains for the location family generated by the t-distribution. We show that, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, these domains need not be connected sets. As an extreme case we give an example of a domain which consists of an infinite union of disjoint open intervals. Thus the convergence behaviour of the EM algorithm can be quite sensitive to the starting point. 相似文献
780.
Although concerns have frequently been raised recently regarding the quality of life of intercollegiate athletes, information is seldom available on which college and university administrators can base policy decisions. Particularly lacking are studies that provide administrators with assessments of their own athletics programs relative to athletics programs at other institutions. We describe here a method we used in conducting a comparative evaluation of the status of student-athletes at a large public university, involving comparisons of student-athletes at this university to student-athletes at a subset of the institutions that participated in the 1987–88 National Study of Intercollegiate Athletes. By utilizing existing data sets to construct comparison samples, relative assessments of the status of student-athletes at a given institution can be performed without the excessive costs of gathering data on student-athletes at comparison institutions. Techniques employed in data collection and analysis are discussed as well as the format of the report in which the findings of the study were presented. 相似文献