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121.
Dant T 《The British journal of sociology》2006,57(2):289-308
This paper argues that although classical sociology has largely overlooked the importance of social relations with the material world in shaping the form of society, Braudel's concept of 'material civilization' is a useful way to begin to understand the sociological significance of this relationship. The limitations of Braudel's historical and general concept can be partially overcome with Elias's analysis of the connection between 'technization' and 'civilization' that allows for both a civilizing and a de-civilizing impact of emergent forms of material relation that both lengthen and shorten the chains of interdependence between the members of a society. It is suggested that the concept of the 'morality of things' employed by a number of commentators is useful in summarizing the civilizing effects of material objects and addressing their sociological significance. From the sociology of consumption the idea of materiality as a sign of social relationships can be drawn, and from the sociology of technology the idea of socio-technical systems and actor-networks can contribute to the understanding of material civilization. It is argued that the concept of 'material capital' can usefully summarize the variable social value of objects but to understand the complexity of material civilization as it unfolds in everyday life, an analysis of 'material interaction' is needed. Finally the paper suggests some initial themes and issues apparent in contemporary society that the sociological study of material civilization might address; the increased volume, functional complexity and material specificity of objects and the increased social complexity, autonomy and substitutability that is entailed. A theory of 'material civilization' is the first step in establishing a sociology of objects. 相似文献
122.
The study of emotions in the workplace is a vibrant area of research that has grown considerably over the last 25 years. This research has traveled far, but it has not run its course. This article maps the different paths that have been explored, beginning with Hochschild's classic work on emotional labor in the form of surface and deep acting, and charts new directions for future research. We start by reviewing the literature on emotional labor and emotion management in the workplace. Next, we discuss new theoretical developments in the sociology of emotions – interaction ritual chain theory, theories of identity and affect control, and theories about power, status, and exchange – and their potential utility for understanding emotions at work. Finally, we discuss new methodological directions that can be pursued in future research on emotions in work and organizational settings. 相似文献
123.
This paper considers the analysis of round robin interaction data whereby individuals from a group of subjects interact with one another, producing a pair of outcomes, one for each individual. The authors provide an overview of the various analyses applied to these types of data and extend the work in several directions. In particular, they provide a fully Bayesian analysis for such data and use a real data example for illustration purposes. 相似文献
124.
Tim Dyson 《Population and development review》2011,37(Z1):34-54
The next observation is, that … there are far more burials than christenings. This is plain…. From this single observation it will follow that London should have decreased in its people, the contrary whereof we see by its daily increase…. It is therefore certain that London is supplied with people from out of the country, whereby not only to repair the over‐plus difference of burials above‐mentioned, but likewise to increase its inhabitants—John Graunt, Natural and Political Observations made upon the Bills of Mortality. 相似文献
125.
Tim J. Berard 《Sociology Compass》2008,2(2):734-764
Theories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination have been remarkably influential in the understanding of continuing racial inequality and contemporary race relations. These theories and related claims have also been criticized as being improperly conceptualized, employing circular reasoning, neglecting nonracial dimensions of inequality, failing to specify causal mechanisms, and employing questionable inferences and attributions. These issues can be illuminated by critically reviewing how theories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination handle issues of social psychology. Issues of social psychology are often treated only minimally or implicitly, and often dismissively. This neglect is the root of many concerns about theories of institutional racism and institutionalized discrimination. Increased attention to and employment of scholarship in social psychology can contribute greatly to an understanding of contemporary racial inequality and race relations that advances both academic interests and practical interests in the evaluation and reform of the institutional practices that perpetuate racial inequality. 相似文献
126.
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128.
The authors extend the classical Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber mark‐recapture model to account for both temporal and spatial movement through a series of markers (e.g., dams). Survival rates are modeled as a function of (possibly) unobserved travel times. Because of the complex nature of the likelihood, they use a Bayesian approach based on the complete data likelihood, and integrate the posterior through Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. They test the model through simulations and apply it also to actual salmon data arising from the Columbia river system. The methodology was developed for use by the Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST) project. 相似文献
129.
Tim B. Heaton 《Population research and policy review》2011,30(3):449-465
This paper examines religious group differences in fertility in developing nations. Using data from the Demographic and Health
Surveys of 30 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, this paper documents Muslim/Christian and Catholic/Protestant differences
in the number of children under age 5. The paper also considers possible explanations for these differences including level
of development, religious mix, social characteristics and proximate determinants of fertility. Muslim fertility is substantially
higher than Christian fertility in many countries, but the average difference between Catholics and Protestants is small.
Cross-national variation in group differences is at least as large as the average difference. Although level of development,
social characteristics and proximate determinants play an important role in religious differences, they do not explain cross-national
variation in these differences. 相似文献
130.
Analysing the effects of tax-benefit reforms on income distribution: a decomposition approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To assess the impact of tax-benefit policy changes on income distribution over time, we suggest a methodology based on counterfactual
tax-benefit simulations. Changes in inequality/poverty indices are decomposed into three contributions: changes in the tax-benefit
structure, changes in nominal levels of market incomes and tax-benefit money parameters, and all other changes, including
shifts in market income inequality and demographic composition. The policy effect can be evaluated conditionally on base-period
data or end-period data; it is also possible to average the two measures, which corresponds to an application of the Shapley
value method as reinterpreted by Shorrocks (Decomposition Procedures for Distributional Analysis: A Unified Framework Based
on the Shapley Value, University of Essex and Institute for Fiscal Studies, Wivenhoe Park, 1999). The decomposition is used to quantify the relative role of policy changes on inequality/poverty trends in France and Ireland in the 1990s. When end-period data are not available,
e.g., for forward looking analysis of possible reforms, the base weighted decomposition helps to extract an absolute measure of the impact of tax-benefit changes on income distribution as evaluated against a distributionally neutral benchmark;
in our application, it is not significantly different from the policy effect stemming from the Shorrocks-Shapley decomposition.
Estimates of this type are derived to assess recent policy changes in twelve European countries. 相似文献