The Implementation of Voting from Abroad: Evidence from the 2014 Turkish Presidential Election

Voting from abroad (VFA) is a complex norm and practice due to the multilevel processes, structures and actors involved. This article explores the reasons behind the eventual adoption of this practice within the context of a long and well‐known history of emigration in Turkey. During the 2014 Turkish presidential election, emigrants from Turkey were finally allowed to participate from abroad even though legislation giving them this right has been in place since 1995. Based on archival research and fieldwork in Germany and the United States, this article discusses the varying relevance of three central explanatory factors to the implementation of VFA: emigrant lobbying, the electoral expectations of potential benefit by the governing party, and the presence of broader, state‐led diaspora engagement policies. The first of these is important but insufficient, whereas the second factor is necessary. Moreover, the presence of broader, state‐led diaspora engagement policies is a mediating factor. This article finds that specific actors like political parties may play the crucial role, highlighting the need for critical examination of their role in the implementation process.     

Das Rätsel der Retraditionalisierung – Zur Verweiblichung von Elternschaft in GeburtsvorbereitungskursenThe feminization of parenthood: about the traditionalizing effects of prenatal classes

Our paper examines the significance of prenatal classes for the formation of a gendered division of labour. We argue that prenatal classes, which have hitherto largely been disregarded in sociological research, stand in the tradition of a substantially older form of institutionalized mother schooling, whose primary goal was the gendered assignment of childcare. Using explorative observations and content analysis as research methods we find that in recent prenatal classes gender differences are highlighted through the class structure, interconnected with gendered attributions of domestic labour, and legitimized through a process of scientifically supported naturalization. Thus, our ethnographic analysis shows that prenatal classes introduce and support the notion of a gendered division of labour and thereby function as institutions of re-traditionalization.     

Tax incentives and family labor supply in Austria

The family policy reform 2009 introduced tax deductibles for children and child care expenditures in Austria. In this paper we evaluate this reform based on a structural labor supply model with unitary households which has been estimated on the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions cross-sections 2004–2008. We find that the reform had only small employment effects, most of them being generated through the introduction of a child care deductible. However, to illustrate the employment potential of a shift from universal child transfers to tax deductibles we propose additional simulations showing that such a policy shift would yield an increase in full time equivalents of approximately .70 % of overall employment, with married females increasing their labor supply by up to 1.5 %. While the proposed policy shifts have regressive effects in terms of their distributional impact, we show that phasing-out the tax deductible at higher income allows for the compensation of lower-income households without jeopardizing positive employment effects.     

Evolutionarily Stable Co-operative Commitments

If contracts cannot be fully specified Pareto optimal results may be closed off because individuals cannot rationally trust each other's promises. This paper assumes that human individuals can become internally committed not to act opportunistically and that others can detect to a certain extent whether they are dealing with an uncommitted (untrustworthy) or a committed (trustworthy) partner. Adopting an `indirect evolutionary approach' we show that co-operative commitments can survive in evolutionary competition even if conventional mechanisms like repetition, reputation, contract or promising are lacking. If detection of uncommitted individuals is neither too costly nor too unreliable there will in general be a `niche' for both committed and uncommitted actors even in one off large numbers' interactions.     

Reflections Regarding Future Cannabis Use Among High‐Frequency Users in a Canadian University Student Population

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug worldwide, and the most commonly used illicit drug in Canada, among postsecondary student populations. This cross‐sectional study qualitatively assessed 112 high‐frequency, cannabis‐using university students in Canada: It examined their subjective expectations regarding what they anticipated their cannabis use would look like in the short‐ and mid‐term future and explored factors they saw potentially contributing to changes in their prospective drug use. Results indicated that participants believe that decisions about future cannabis use will be influenced by several contextual factors, including education and employment responsibilities, intimate relationships, and peer associations. These findings help illuminate the natural evolution of cannabis use and can guide the development of interventions for high‐frequency cannabis users in the future.     

Orphans at risk in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence on educational and health outcomes

Based on comparable data for eleven sub-Saharan African countries with especially high rates of orphanhood, we examine how orphanhood affects children’s educational and health outcomes. Using household fixed-effects to control for influences at the household level, we show that orphans do not only fare worse than non-orphans because they tend to live in poorer households, but that they are also at a disadvantage compared to non-orphans within the same household. They lag behind in education and are more often malnourished and stunted. (The coefficients on the health outcomes are only statistically significant for some of the countries and some of the health measures, however.) Moreover, we show that non-orphaned children not living with a biological parent are also worse off compared to biological children of the same caregivers. Educational gaps are particularly evident for children whose mother is deceased or absent. The additional effect of paternal death or absence is rather modest or insignificant in most countries.     

Alcohol consumption and risky sexual behavior among young adults: evidence from minimum legal drinking age laws

This paper exploits the discrete jump in alcohol consumption at the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) in the USA and uses a regression discontinuity design to investigate the relationship between drinking and risky sexual behaviors among young adults. Using confidential data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997 Cohort), we document that young adults tend to drink up to 2.1 days more once they are granted legal access to alcohol at age 21. Although the discrete jump in alcohol consumption at the MLDA is associated with an increase in the probability of having sex by up to 7.8 percentage points, it does not have a significant impact on the probability of engaging in risky sexual behaviors among young adults. We also document that the effect of the MLDA on the probability of using several different birth control methods is not significant for those who had sex in the past 4 weeks. These results are robust under alternative specifications and imply that although the MLDA law is quite effective in reducing alcohol consumption among young adults, spillover effects of this law on risky sexual behaviors are relatively limited.     

基于社会交换理论的药品流通秩序规范研究

文章基于社会交换理论对药品流通过程中存在的问题及原因进行了扼要分析,并就如何规范药品流通秩序提出了相关建议。核心思想是通过重构药品流通市场利益格局,实现主体间的权力制约和资源互补合作,从根本上改变药品流通秩序混乱的局面。     

指导思想一元化与意识形态一元化之辨——兼论“坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位”

学习探讨六个“为什么”理论问题,理清指导思想在意识形态领域的内涵、作用和地位,有利于辩明指导思想一元化与意识形态一元化的关系,消除人们思想上的混沌。坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位,坚持“多样并存,一元指导”原则。在学习教育过程中,做到合理性和必要性的统一、坚持一元和包容多样的统一及思想和政策的统一。     

集群式供应链的链间动态博弈合作决策分析

不同传统单链式供应链,本文针对集群式供应链中,分析了两供应链间在同一地域的动态竞合关系,建立了信息不对称下的Stackeberg Nash博弈模型,并在此基础上将资金时间价值和决策者对预期置信约束加以考虑,来分析集群式供应链中两供应链中的各自核心企业作出供应链战略的决策偏向.