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991.
Michel Beine 《Journal of population economics》2018,31(1):69-106
We analyse the impact of temporary foreign workers (TFWs) and permanent immigrants on interprovincial mobility in Canada. Empirical results are analysed through the lens of a theoretical model that incorporates a job-matching framework in a migration model à la Harris and Todaro. The effect of the inflow of TFWs in interprovincial mobility is negative, substantial and significant. This is not the case for the inflow of permanent immigrants selected through the Canadian point system. The robustness of these empirical results to issues of endogeneity is assessed through a classical instrumentation approach as well as through a diff-in-diff analysis taking advantage of a pilot project facilitating the admission of TFWs in two Western provinces over the 2007–2010 period. Our paper suggests that, in general, the impact of immigration on labour market conditions depends critically on the way immigration policy is set. 相似文献
992.
We find a strong positive raw correlation between black exposure to whites in their school district and the prevalence of later mixed-race (black-white) births, consistent with the literature on residential segregation and endogamy. However, that relationship is significantly attenuated by the addition of a few control variables, suggesting that individuals with higher propensities to have mixed-race births are more likely to live in desegregated school districts. We exploit quasi-random variation from court-ordered school desegregation to estimate causal effects of school desegregation on mixed-race childbearing, finding small to moderate effects that are largely statistically insignificant. Because the upward trend across cohorts in mixed-race childbearing was substantial, separating the effects of desegregation plans from secular cohort trends is difficult; results are sensitive to how we specify the cohort trends and to the inclusion of Chicago/Cook County in the sample. The fact that the addition of a few control variables substantially weakens the cross-sectional relationship between lower levels of school segregation and higher rates of mixed-race childbearing suggests that a substantial portion of the observed correlation is likely due to who chooses to live in places with desegregated schools. Researchers should be cautious about interpreting raw correlations between segregation—whether residential or school—and other outcomes as causal. Our results also point to the need to carefully explore specification of cohort effects in quasi-experimental designs for treatments where cumulative exposure is important. 相似文献
993.
We study prevalence of son preference in families of East and South Asian origin living in the USA by investigating parental time investments in children using American Time Use Surveys. Estimates show that East and South Asian mothers spend an additional hour of quality time per day with their young (aged 0–2 years) sons than with young daughters; son preference in mothers’ time allocation declines as children get older. East and South Asian fathers’ time with young children is gender neutral. We find gender specialization in time with children aged 6–17 with fathers spending more time with sons and mothers spending more time with daughters. 相似文献
994.
The article investigates whether Austrian sociological research empirically addressed social class conceptions between 1945 and 1990. Contrary to the German reception, we find that, indeed, during the whole period scientific publications analyzed social relations and social change from a class perspective with an empirical approach. We embed this research in its historical context in order to work out the implicit explanations given concerning the existence of social inequalities. Moreover, we work out if post-World War II Austrian class analysis did link its work to the Austro-Marxist tradition that flourished between the two World Wars. The empirical focus of the article lies on scientific publications with an empirical approach to social classes and social change. 相似文献
995.
Richard Togman 《Journal of Population Research》2018,35(1):67-86
For the past 50 years there has been a near global consensus that the demands of development necessitate that couples reduce their fertility as a critical act which would jump start economic growth. This consensus heralded the era of the One Child policy and over 90% of least developed states continue to run programs which seek to induce lower fertility rates in their populations. However, a growing body of literature is questioning both the validity and utility of these interventions. This article seeks to contribute to the rethinking of family planning programs. Using new data on family planning scores from forty two African states this article shows that rates of fertility are unlikely to be affected by the strength of family planning programs at lower levels of development. However, at moderate levels of development, family planning programs may contribute to accelerating the decline in fertility initiated by exogenous factors. These findings offer a fresh perspective on the wide spread adoption of family planning policy that permeates the developing world. 相似文献
996.
Recent migration studies have adopted the lens of mobility to examine the stratifying effects of border policies, but few investigate the differential mobility of migrant families and children. This paper aims to contribute to the migration literature by considering the interplay between border policies, family configurations, and differential mobility. We apply the lens of differential mobility to the experiences of Chinese cross-border pupils – young child migrants with Hong Kong permanent residency who reside in Shenzhen, China, and cross the border to attend school. We begin by describing shifts in Hong Kong’s border and immigration policies since 1997, which have created a typology of families differentiated by mixed status, citizenship rights, and mobility. We then turn to four case studies of students with unequal border-crossing experiences to elucidate how border control constrains or promotes family mobility and perpetuates inequalities. 相似文献
997.
Britni L. Ayers Nicola L. Hawley Rachel S. Purvis Sarah J. Moore Pearl A. McElfish 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(5):e294-e301
Problem
Pacific Islanders are disproportionately burdened by poorer maternal health outcomes with higher rates of pre-term births, low birth weight babies, infant mortality, and inadequate or no prenatal care.Purpose
The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to explore maternal health care providers’ perceptions and experiences of barriers in providing care to Marshallese women, and (2) providers perceived barriers of access to care among Marshallese women. This is the first paper to explore perceived barriers to maternal health care among a Marshallese community from maternal health care providers’ perspectives in the United States.Methods
A phenomenological, qualitative design, using a focus group and in-depth interviews with 20 maternal health care providers residing in northwest Arkansas was chosen.Findings
Several perceived barriers were noted, including transportation, lack of health insurance, communication and language, and socio-cultural barriers that described an incongruence between traditional and Western medical models of care. There was an overall discord between the collectivist cultural identity of Marshallese families and the individualistic maternal health care system that merits further research.Discussion
Solutions to these barriers, such as increased cultural competency training for maternal health care providers and the incorporation of community health workers are discussed. 相似文献998.
Kathleen M. Baird Amornrat S. Saito Jennifer Eustace Debra K. Creedy 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(4):285-291
Background
Asking women about experiences of domestic violence in the perinatal period is accepted best practice. However, midwives and nurses may be reluctant to engage with, or effectively respond to disclosures of domestic violence due a lack of knowledge and skills.Aim
To evaluate the impact of training on knowledge and preparedness of midwives and nurses to conduct routine enquiry about domestic violence with women during the perinatal period.Method
A pre-post intervention design was used. Midwives and nurses (n = 154) attended a full day workshop. Of these, 149 completed pre-post workshop measures of knowledge and preparedness. Additional questions at post-training explored participants’ perceptions of organisational barriers to routine enquiry, as well as anticipated impact of training on their practice. Training occurred between July 2015 and October 2016.Findings
Using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, all post intervention scores were significantly higher than pre intervention scores. Knowledge scores increased from a pre-training mean of 21.5–25.6 (Z = ?9.56, p < 0.001) and level of preparedness increased from 40.8 to 53.2 (Z = ?10.12, p < 0.001). Most participants (93%) reported improved preparedness to undertake routine enquiry after training. Only a quarter (24.9%) felt their workplace allowed adequate time to respond to disclosures of DV.Conclusions
Brief training can improve knowledge, preparedness, and confidence of midwives and nurses to conduct routine enquiry and support women during the perinatal period. Training can assist midwives and nurses to recognise signs of DV, ask women about what would be helpful to them, and address perceived organisational barriers to routine enquiry. Practice guidelines and clear referral pathways following DV disclosure need to be implemented to support gains made through training. 相似文献999.
Robin S. Cronin Minglan Li Kate Culliney Robyn Maude Katherine Nelson 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(5):422-429
Background
Second-degree tears are the most common form of perineal trauma occurring after vaginal birth managed by New Zealand midwives, although little is known about midwives’ perineal practice.Aim
The aim of this study was to identify how midwives managed the last second-degree perineal tear they treated and the level to which their practice reflects National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines.Methods
An (anonymous) online survey was conducted over a six-week period in 2013. New Zealand midwives who self-identified as currently practising perineal management and could recall management of the last second-degree tear they treated were included in the analysis.Findings
Of those invited, 645 (57.1% self-employed, 42.9% employed) were eligible and completed surveys. Self-employed midwives reported greater confidence (88.0% vs 74.4%, p < 0.001) and more recent experience (85.1% vs 57.4%, p < 0.001) with perineal repair than employed midwives. Midwives who left the last second-degree tear unsutured (7.3%) were more likely to report low confidence (48.9% vs 15.4%, p < 0.001) and less recent experience with repair (53.2% vs 24.7%, p < 0.001), and were less likely to report a digital-rectal examination (10.6% vs 49.0%, p < 0.001), compared to midwives who sutured. Care consistent with evidence-based guidelines (performing a digital-rectal examination, 59.4% vs 49.3% p = 0.005; optimal suturing techniques, 62.2% vs 48.7%, p = 0.001) was associated with recent perineal education.Conclusions
Midwives’ management of the last second-degree perineal tear is variable and influenced by factors including: employment status, experience, confidence, and perineal education. There is potential for improvement in midwives’ management through increased uptake of evidence-based guidelines and through ongoing education. 相似文献1000.
Influence of Proximity to Kin on Residential Mobility and Destination Choice: Examining Local Movers in Metropolitan Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A growing body of research has examined how family dynamics shape residential mobility, highlighting the social—as opposed to economic—drivers of mobility. However, few studies have examined kin ties as both push and pull factors in mobility processes or revealed how the influence of kin ties on mobility varies across sociodemographic groups. Using data on local residential moves from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1980 to 2013, we find that location of noncoresident kin influences the likelihood of moving out of the current neighborhood and the selection of a new destination neighborhood. Analyses of out-mobility reveal that parents and young adult children living near each other as well as low-income adult children living near parents are especially deterred from moving. Discrete-choice models of neighborhood selection indicate that movers are particularly drawn to neighborhoods close to aging parents, white and higher-income households tend to move close to parents and children, and lower-income households tend to move close to extended family. Our results highlight the social and economic trade-offs that households face when making residential mobility decisions, which have important implications for broader patterns of inequality in residential attainment. 相似文献