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First an overview is given of the secular decline of infant mortality in Austria between 1820 and 1950 is given. Second the study analyses the historical regional differences of infant mortality in Austria comparing data for all 99 political districts (Politische Bezirke) for the period 1900 to 1950. The most important results are: At the turn of the 19th century infant mortality rates were generally lower in Alpine than in non-alpine regions and lower in cities than in their surrounding areas. This geographical pattern which remained constant until the 1950s was solely determined by differences in post-neonatal mortality rates. Plausible explanations for these regional differences are discussed.En premier lieu cette étude fournit une vue d'ensemble du déclin séculaire de la mortalité infantile en Autriche en 1820 et 1950. Elle analyse ensuite les différences régionales de mortalité infantile en comparant les données des 99 districts politiques (Politische Bezirke) autrichiens, de 1900 à 1950. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants: à la fin du XIXe siècle les taux de mortalité infantile étaient en général plus faibles dans les régions alpines que dans les autres et plus faibles dans les villes que dans les aires adjacentes. Ce modèle géographique, qui est resté le même jusqu'en 1950, était uniquement déterminé par les différences entre les taux de mortalité post-néonatale. Des explications plausibles de ces différences régionales sont discutées ici. 相似文献
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Twelve‐month‐old infants' ability to perceive gaze direction in static video images was investigated. The images showed a woman who performed attention‐directing actions by looking or pointing toward 1 of 4 objects positioned in front of her (2 on each side). When the model just pointed at the objects, she looked straight ahead, and when she just looked, her hands were hidden below the tabletop. An eye movement system (TOBII) was used to register the gaze of the participants. We found that the infants clearly discriminated the gaze directions to the objects. There was no tendency to mix up the 2 object positions, located 10° apart, on the same side of the model. The infants spent more time looking at the attended objects than the unattended ones and they shifted gaze more often from the face of the model to the attended object than to the unattended objects. Pointing did not significantly increase the infants' tendency to move gaze to the attended object, irrespective of whether the pointing gesture was accompanied by looking or not. In all conditions the infants spent most of the time looking at the model's face. This tendency was especially noticeable in the pointing‐only condition and the condition where the model just looked straight ahead. 相似文献
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Andrea Maurer Peter Imbusch Dirk Baier Klaus Boehnke Manuela Pötschke Henning Best Annette von Alemann Birgit Riegraf Corinna Onnen-Isemann Juliane Achatz Peter H. Hartmann Nicole Burzan Markus Klein Jens Aderhold Gerd Nollmann Arnold Wilts Mike Steffen Schäfer Christoph Görg Alexandra Manzei Christian Stegbauer Horst Pöttker Günter Endruweit Heiner Meulemann Heinz Sahner Erhard Stölting Wolfgang Lauterbach 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2006,58(2):364-406
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Prof. Dr. Jörg Rössel 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2006,58(3):453-467
Life style research has become an independent branch of social structure analysis, that systematically complements classical research on social inequality in the explanation of social action and of attitudes. However, there are important theoretical gaps in life style research: firstly, there is a lack of theoretical proposals to explain the statistical connection between life styles on the one hand and social action and attitudes on the other hand. Secondly, it remains unclear, why life styles sometimes are very good predictors of social action and at other times they are not. In a first step this article puts forward an action theoretic framework as foundation for life style research, that implies a conceptual shift from life styles to cultural preferences. In a second step I develop three theses, that state relatively precisely the conditions for a high or low explanatory power of cultural preferences. They are empirically tested in a secondary data analysis, that supports the applicability of the theoretical ideas developed in the paper. 相似文献
258.
We consider the case of a multicenter trial in which the center specific sample sizes are potentially small. Under homogeneity,
the conventional procedure is to pool information using a weighted estimator where the weights used are inverse estimated
center-specific variances. Whereas this procedure is efficient for conventional asymptotics (e. g. center-specific sample
sizes become large, number of center fixed), it is commonly believed that the efficiency of this estimator holds true also
for meta-analytic asymptotics (e.g. center-specific sample size bounded, potentially small, and number of centers large).
In this contribution we demonstrate that this estimator fails to be efficient. In fact, it shows a persistent bias with increasing
number of centers showing that it isnot meta-consistent. In addition, we show that the Cochran and Mantel-Haenszel weighted estimators are meta-consistent and, in
more generality, provide conditions on the weights such that the associated weighted estimator is meta-consistent. 相似文献
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