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901.
This article provides the first comprehensive empirical test of how women’s presence in politics affects male politicians’ attitudes toward gender equality as an abstract ideal and their personal willingness to strive for women’s interests. Using a unique survey of all 13,000 locally elected politicians in Sweden (response rate 63 percent), we find a negative association between a greater presence of women and male politicians’ personal willingness to strive for women’s interests. However, there is no such effect on male politicians’ support for gender equality as an abstract ideal. We argue that the found pattern can likely be explained by the fact that it may be costly for male politicians to personally strive for women’s interests, whereas it does not cost them anything to commit to gender equality as an abstract ideal. 相似文献
902.
Do securely and insecurely attached children derive well‐being from different forms of gender identity?
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Meenakshi Menon Madhavi Menon Patrick J. Cooper Rachel E. Pauletti Desiree D. Tobin Brooke C. Spatta Christopher A. Hafen Kätlin Peets Ernest V. E. Hodges David G. Perry 《Social Development》2017,26(1):91-108
We examined whether attachment security moderates influences of two gender identity variables—felt gender typicality and felt pressure for gender differentiation—on preadolescents' well‐being. We tested two hypotheses. The first was that attachment security protects children from the distress that can stem from feeling gender atypical or from feeling pressure for gender conformity. The second was that secure children derive well‐being from believing they are similar to same‐gender peers whereas insecure children derive well‐being from believing it important to be different from other‐gender peers. We assessed children's attachment security, gender identity, and well‐being (self‐esteem, internalizing problems) in two successive years (N = 211, M initial age = 10.1 years). Results supported the second hypothesis. Attachment security may govern children's contingencies of well‐being. 相似文献
903.
Ville V. Lehtola Pirjo Ståhle 《Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research》2014,27(2):152-174
The need to adapt to economic globalization and “wicked” problems such as climate change and poverty presents enormous challenges to modern developed societies. These challenges call for new solutions, not only in the form of technological or business innovations, but also through society-wide reform and renewal. In this paper, we outline a societal innovation framework to better understand the stage on which these societal challenges are being played out. Our approach builds on the classical view that considers innovation, an (radical or incremental) improvement that is both novel in its context and deployed by people. These societal innovations change the interface of the state and civil society for stakeholder benefit. 相似文献
904.
905.
906.
Although little is known about the relationship between aboveground and belowground biota and ecosystem services in urban
soils, the scarce data suggests that plant coverage has a key role in influencing the urban C and N cycles. Plant litter quality
and quantity have been addressed as one the major factors determining the rate of nutrient and organic carbon cycling in urban
soils. However, the land-use history of urban soils, frequency of disturbances and abiotic-biotic conditions may largely contribute
to the effects of aboveground biota on decomposition process. Here we studied the decomposition process of different litter
types (labile and recalcitrant litter) in two structurally and chemically divergent urban soils (landfill sandy soil and richer
park soil). At both of these urban sites, a reciprocal litter placement experiment was performed to distinguish the effects
between plant coverage (plant treatment) and litter type on litter decomposition processes. As hypothesized, labile litter
decomposed faster than recalcitrant litter at both urban soil types. Urban soil type however, had a clear impact on degradation
rate of the litter: all litter types decomposed at higher rates in park soil with higher organic matter and soil moisture
content. Unexpectedly, the plant treatment did not affect the degradation rate of the litter although it did have a significant
influence on the abundance of litter-inhabiting Collembola in landfill soil. Our study suggests potentially higher carbon
retention in urban soils under recalcitrant litter producing plants in comparison to plant-soil systems with labile-litter
producing plants. 相似文献
907.
Sheila Mammen Frances C. Lawrence Peter St. Marie Ann A. Berry Suzann E. Knight 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2011,32(3):461-472
Differences between rural low-income mothers who were non-participants and participants in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
were examined. About one-third (35%) of the 224 eligible mothers in a multi-state USDA study, Rural Families Speak, did not
claim the tax credit. The EITC non-participants were more likely to be Hispanic, be less educated, have larger families, perceive
their income as being inadequate, live in more rural counties, and possess little understanding of the EITC. Participating
mothers were more likely to be single, food secure, and satisfied with life. Analysis of qualitative data revealed that the
mothers had many misconceptions about the EITC. These findings assist in formulating policies and outreach efforts that may
increase rural low-income families’ EITC participation. 相似文献
908.
The paper explores different applications of the Shapley value for either inequality or poverty measures. We first investigate
the problem of source decomposition of inequality measures, the so-called additive income sources inequality games, based
on the Shapley value, introduced by Chantreuil and Trannoy (1999) and Shorrocks (1999). We show that multiplicative inequality games provide dual results compared with Chantreuil and Trannoy’s ones. We also
investigate the case of multiplicative poverty games for which indices are non additively decomposable in order to capture
contributions of sub-indices, which are multiplicatively connected with, as in the Sen-Shorrocks-Thon poverty index. We finally
show, in the case of additive poverty indices, that the Shapley value may be equivalent to traditional methods of decomposition
such as subgroup consistency and additive decomposition. 相似文献
909.
910.
Abstract Teaching is a profession that involves a high level of emotional labour. This includes such behaviours as surface acting (displaying an emotion that is not actually felt), deep acting (the activity undertaken to actually feel a required emotion), and suppression of emotion. In many professions, this emotional labour is thought to be related to high levels of burnout. The aim of our study was to show that emotional labour has a unique relationship with burnout that is separate from its relationship with the variables of the Demand Control Support (DCS) model. Emotional labour was studied, together with the variables of the Karasek Job Demand Control Support model, in a random sample of 365 mathematics teachers in the Netherlands. We used the Dutch Questionnaire on Emotional Labor (D-QEL) that measures: (1) surface acting, (2) deep acting, (3) suppression, and (4) emotional consonance. In line with other studies, job characteristics were found to be specifically related to emotional exhaustion. Surface acting was significantly related to depersonalization, and emotional consonance (the absence of emotional labour) was related to personal accomplishment. We conclude that whereas the DCS model has been valuable for understanding emotional exhaustion, emotional labour provides an additional perspective for understanding work stress. 相似文献