Organic Farming,Gender, and the Labor Process*

Abstract This paper seeks to explain variations in gender participation in farm production and decision‐making through an analysis of organic farm types, sizes, and orientations. Based on both survey and case study data, the analysis shows that female farmers on vegetable farms and mixed livestock/cash crop farms are more likely to be involved in farm production and management than women on field crop farms, where mechanization and capital intensive production is much higher. The links to ideological orientations and motivations are also examined, suggesting that farmers with more conventional orientations to organic farming are also less likely to support gender equality.     

Are younger age groups less segregated? Measuring ethnic segregation in activity spaces using mobile phone data

Both assimilation theory and common sense suggest that the longer the immigrants reside in a host society, the more they become integrated. However, studies conducted in many countries show the opposite: younger generations of immigrants are more segregated than their parents. The aim of this study is to examine differences in ethnic segregation between age groups of the Estonian majority and Russian-speaking minority in Estonia. We use census data and passive mobile positioning data (CDR) to measure levels of segregation at the individual level for important activity locations and for the whole activity space. Results indicate that segregation in both places of residence and out-of-home non-employment activity districts is higher in younger than in older age groups. Measures of activity space show that the activity spaces of Russian-speakers of all age groups are smaller and less diverse than those of Estonians, and are mainly bound to the places of residence of Russian-speakers. The differences between the activity space measures for Estonians and Russian-speakers generally reduce with age, which suggests higher ethnic segregation in younger age groups. The results thus show that, contrary to assimilation theory, the spatial behaviour of Russian-speakers has not become similar to that of Estonians over generations.     

Gay and Lesbian Adults' Relationship With Parents in Germany

Despite a rapid expansion of research on gay and lesbian family issues, a comprehensive account of intergenerational family relationships for a population‐based sample of adult homosexual children is still lacking. Using more than 7,500 baseline interviews from the German Family Panel (pairfam), this study aimed to fill this gap. The authors analyzed nationally representative data for 2 cohorts (born in 1971–1973 and 1981–1983, respectively) with regard to 5 outcome variables: (a) emotional closeness, (b) contacts, (c) geographic proximity, (d) conflicts, and (e) ambivalence. They found indications of modestly lower levels of emotional closeness to both parents as well as evidence for less frequent contacts of homosexual children with their fathers. Overall, however, the results suggest that adult gay and lesbian children's relations to parents do not differ substantially from those observed among their heterosexual counterparts. The article concludes with a discussion of limitations and potentials for future research.     

Equilibrium Bidding without the Independence Axiom: A Graphical Analysis

In this paper we examine optimal bidding without the independence axiom in a unified framework which allows for a clear graphical representation. Thus, we can show very simply the independence axiom to be a necessary and sufficient condition on preferences for strategical equivalence of the two first-price and second-price auctions, respectively, and for the second-price sealed-bid auction to be demand revealing. The analysis reveals that the betweenness property is necessary and sufficient for the ascending-bid auction to be demand revealing while optimal bids exceed (are less than) bidders' valuations, iff preferences are quasiconcave (quasiconvex). Furthermore, it can be shown that fanning out (fanning in) leads to a higher (lower) selling-price in open than in sealed-bid auctions.     

Lesbian classics in Germany? A film historical analysis of Mädchen in Uniform (1931 and 1958)

The films M?dchen in Uniform (Leontine Sagan, 1931, Germany; Géza von Radványi, 1958, Germany) both tell the story of a schoolgirl falling in love with her teacher at a Prussian boarding school. Whereas the 1931 version is regarded as a lesbian classic in queer (German) cinema, the 1958 remake, however, is not even considered part of the lesbian genre. The following analysis examines both films within their historical context to answer the question what makes M?dchen in Uniform (1931) a lesbian film and why the remake did not measure up to its original's significance.     

‘They are harsher to me than to my friend who is blonde’. Police critique among ethnic minority youth in Sweden

ABSTRACT

Young people belonging to categories and living in areas that are targeted by the police find more arguments for detailed police critique than others. When they narrate their assessments there is a series of experiential references being made, which can be used to sort out their police critique. This article draws on 20 interviews with ethnic minority youth in so-called vulnerable neighborhoods in Sweden. It shows how young people portray the police as sometimes profiling and racist, sometimes just and legitimate, and how they do so by comparisons and identifications. Comparisons within Sweden and identifications with police targets tend to result in more negative assessments whereas comparisons with countries of origin and identifications with non-targeted categories may result in more positive or mixed assessments. These young people also evaluate the police with reference to the stigmatization of their neighborhoods. To be stopped because you are associated with a residential area is described as deeply unfair, even if the police are polite, and observations of how the police change behavior in different areas promote critique. Our findings point to the importance of extending a criteria-based model of how today’s young people assess the police with a more social and ethnographic understanding.     

Asymptotics of goodness-of-fit tests based on minimum p-value statistics

This paper provides some new results on the asymptotics of goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests based on minimum p-value statistics. In connection with detectability of sparse signals in high-dimensional data, various tests were proposed and investigated during the last decade, especially with respect to asymptotic properties. Minimum p-value GOF statistics were already investigated as minimum level attained statistics by Berk and Jones with respect to Bahadur efficiency. The distribution of minimum p-value GOF statistics is closely related to the distribution of higher criticism statistics, the distribution of the supremum of a normalized Brownian bridge, and the supremum of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.     

Binary Time Series Modeling with Application to Adhesion Frequency Experiments

Repeated adhesion frequency assay is the only published method for measuring the kinetic rates of cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Traditional analysis of adhesion frequency experiments assumes that the adhesion test cycles are independent Bernoulli trials. This assumption can often be violated in practice. Motivated by the analysis of repeated adhesion tests, a binary time series model incorporating random effects is developed in this paper. A goodness-of-fit statistic is introduced to assess the adequacy of distribution assumptions on the dependent binary data with random effects. The asymptotic distribution of the goodness-of-fit statistic is derived and its finite-sample performance is examined via a simulation study. Application of the proposed methodology to real data from a T-cell experiment reveals some interesting information, including the dependency between repeated adhesion tests.     

The transition to adulthood from care as a struggle for recognition

This article explores young people's experiences in the transition to adulthood from child welfare services and how Honneth's theory of recognition can be useful as an analytical tool to help us understand these experiences. The underpinning empirical research consisted of interviews and focus groups with 43 adolescents who had been in contact with Norwegian child welfare services. Three themes emerged as particularly important: having good relationships to caring adults, being listened to and able to influence their own lives, and receiving support and encouragement. The research shows how young people's difficulties in leaving care can be understood as experiences of misrecognition and points to some ways in which these can be overcome.