A great deal of clinical and experimental work in past decades has focused on establishing functional verbal repertoires that are used across various settings and situations by persons with moderate and severe disabilities. Such work has not always involved a careful analysis and programming approach for structuring training to achieve the desired range of stimulus control relationships. General case analysis and programming procedures, which are based on behavior analytic and Direct Instruction principles and techniques, have proven effective in recent years for teaching a variety of community-based skills to learners with moderate and severe disabilities. This paper outlines the general case process and discusses its application to establish verbal repertoires.
New tests are proposed for the specification of the intraday price process of a risky asset,
based on open, high, low, and close prices. Under the null of a Brownian process we derive two stochastically
independent, unbiased volatility estimators. For a Hausman specification test we prove its equivalence
with an F-test, consider its robustness against variation in drift and volatility, and analyze the power
against an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, as well as a random walk with alternative distributions. 相似文献
As the number of applications for Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) grows, the power of these methods as well as their shortcomings
become more apparent. While MCMC yields an almost automatic way to sample a space according to some distribution, its implementations
often fall short of this task as they may lead to chains which converge too slowly or get trapped within one mode of a multi-modal
space. Moreover, it may be difficult to determine if a chain is only sampling a certain area of the space or if it has indeed
reached stationarity.
In this paper, we show how a simple modification of the proposal mechanism results in faster convergence of the chain and
helps to circumvent the problems described above. This mechanism, which is based on an idea from the field of “small-world”
networks, amounts to adding occasional “wild” proposals to any local proposal scheme. We demonstrate through both theory and
extensive simulations, that these new proposal distributions can greatly outperform the traditional local proposals when it
comes to exploring complex heterogenous spaces and multi-modal distributions. Our method can easily be applied to most, if
not all, problems involving MCMC and unlike many other remedies which improve the performance of MCMC it preserves the simplicity
of the underlying algorithm. 相似文献
Who votes in ASA elections? This article examines data on voter turnout from two recent presidential contests of the American Sociological Association in an analysis of the determinants of election participation. Extending the 1981 Ridgeway and Moore study of voting dynamics in the ASA, we hypothesize that intraorganizational networks and particular demongraphic characteristics link ASA members to the discipline in a manner analogous to the way such factors operate in the national electorate. On the basis of data compiled from 1985 and 1986 ASA election returns, we find that network factors are the most salient determinants of voting behavior. We conclude that those organizational ties that effectively link members, however directly or indirectly, to the larger Association are the most predictive of propensity to vote. 相似文献
One of the most important issue relating to corporate governance reports refers to their ability to provide users with a complete set of information regarding the effective ability of an entity to achieve oversight objectives by the compliance to corporate governance practices required by a specific law or industry code. In addition, other features, such as the quality of the internal auditing function or the sensitivity of top management to issues relating to corporate internal controls and risk management, can also be taken into account when formulating a judgment on the quality of corporate governance practices. Is there an association between the compliance to codes and internal controls effectiveness? We propose to assess the quality of corporate governance through a proxy that considers several characteristics of internal audit departments and combines them to determine an Internal Audit Departments global quality index—IAD Index. To define IAD global quality we consider the effectiveness of an internal audit function analysing its operational aspects. The IAD Index is based on several signalling elements that previous literature assumed as proxies for quality of IADs which are grouped into four pillars: a formal quality index; a static quality index; an activity-related quality index; and a performance-linked quality index. We then test the IAD index on a sample of Italian listed firms and conclude that there are significant associations (positive and negative) between the degree of compliance to some corporate governance regulations for listed firms and the IAD Index for the sample being considered. 相似文献
This work concerns the study of poverty dynamics and the analysis of the influencing socio-demographic factors. A fuzzy and
multidimensional approach has been chosen in order to define two different poverty measures. A panel regression model has
been estimated and particular attention has been paid to the treatment of the unobservable heterogeneity among longitudinal
units. The specified model combines autoregression with variance components. The empirical analysis has been conducted using
the data set of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) from 1991 to 1997.
This work was co-financed by Murst funds for the projects “Occupazione e disoccupazione in Italia: misura e analisi dei comportamenti”.
The paper is the result of the common work of all the authors; in particular G. Betti has written Sects. 2,5.1 and 5.3.1;
A. D’Agostino has written sections 4, 5.2 and 5.4; L. Neri has written Sects. 1, 3, 5.3.2 and 6. 相似文献
This article deals with the subject of political roles of women in the Arab world. It argues that, while the conditions of women are not uniform in the region, there are some general common factors that inhibit women’s participation in the political process. The article also addresses the subject of Islamic determinants—or lack thereof—of the status of women in Arab society. An analysis of the feminist debate is presented, and some trends are identified. The analysis focuses on the interaction between Islam and culture in an attempt to determine the role of each in the oppression of women. A critique of the antifeminist and “Islamic feminist’ viewpoints is included. The article offers some methodological suggestions for the comparative study of women and politics in the Arab world, with special emphasis on: voting, legalistic/constitutional method, informal vs. formal politics, and the impact of modernization. The conclusion is predicated on the belief in the limitations of a feminist struggle within the parameters of religion, any religion—in this case Islam. 相似文献