Nonconscious processing of sexual information: A generalization to women

Sexually competent stimuli may nonconsciously activate sexual memory and set up sexual responding. In men, subliminally presented sexual pictures facilitated recognition of sexual information (Spiering, Everaerd, & Janssen, 2003). The goal of the two experiments reported here was to investigate to what extent this result can be generalized to women. A direct replication in women failed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, besides the male‐oriented sexual picture set, pictures of two other sets were presented: female‐oriented sexual pictures and baby pictures. Effects of the menstrual cycle were also examined. In Experiment 2, only male‐oriented pictures showed a facilitation effect. Sensitivity for reproductive stimuli was enhanced during the midluteal phase. Like men, women may nonconsciously recognize a stimulus as sexual. This recognition process seems unrelated to the potential of the stimulus to elicit subjective arousal.     

The Two Bridging Functions of Sociology in the House of Intellect

Abstract

The Kantian origins of Rawls' A Theory of Justice and Parsons' systematic sociology are examined. It is suggested that while both Rawls and Parsons were heavily influenced by Kant, their convergent contract doctrines of modern social orders can best be understood as a result of an inherited or a self imposed legalization of Kantian moral philosophy. This inheritance is traced through Maine, Jhering and Weber in the case of Parsons. It is argued that Rawls uses a legalization of Kantian philosophy in order to facilitate his quest for a theory of justice within the confines of liberal democratic theory. Finally it is argued that the legalism in Rawls' and Parsons' work represents a conservative bias with respect to the full potential inherent in Kant and that a revision of the concept of natural law may remedy the bias of legalism.     

Re-examining a Landmark Research Study: A Teaching Editorial

A landmark research study from the 1950s was reanalyzed. Part of the study's results were confirmed, but other parts were found to have been incompletely analyzed and therefore incorrectly reported. Subsequent scholars who reviewed the study often did not distinguish between the accurate and inaccurate parts of the study. Furthermore, two of the main hypotheses of the study were that one variable (A) was not related to another variable (B) and that variable B was not related to another variable (C). In fact, both null hypotheses, insofar as data could be reconstructed from the original study, could be rejected. A reanalysis is presented here to encourage students in the family field to be bold and not accept published reports “just because” but to evaluate them carefully, perhaps even reanalyzing the data when available. It is hoped that scholars who submit reviews of the literature to Marriage and Family Review will use similar care and attention to assessing the scholarly literature in their particular areas of interest.     

The meanings and motives for women's use of violence in Canadian college dating relationships: Results from a national survey

Data from a Canadian nationwide representative sample of 1,835 female college students were used to test a variety of propositions about women's use of violence in dating relationships. It has become progressively common in both Canada and the United States to argue that women are as violent as men. Although in a crude counting of violent acts these data confirm the contention that women commit a large number of such acts, a further investigation of the women's motives shows that a substantial amount of their violence was in self‐defense, or “fighting back.” The more these women had been victimized, whether physically or sexually, the more likely they were to report that they had used self‐defensive violence. The finding that a substantial amount of women's     

William Ramsdell Leonard 1904–1981

In this article, the corrected F statistic in the general linear model is shown to be algebraically equivalent to the corresponding statistic in the weighted least squares procedure, whenever the corrected F statistic exists. Hence, weighted least squares analysis is, in effect, a self-corrected F test procedure.     

Covariance Analysis for Split-Plot and Split-Block Designs

Commentaries are informative essays dealing with viewpoints of statistical practice, statistical education, and other topics considered to be of general interest to the broad readership of The American Statistician. Commentaries are similar in spirit to Letters to the Editor, but they involve longer discussions of background, issues, and perspectives. All commentaries will be refereed for their merit and compatibility with these criteria.

Proper methodology for the analysis of covariance for experiments designed in a split-plot or split-block design is not found in the statistical literature. Analyses for these designs are often performed incompletely or even incorrectly. This is especially true when popular statistical computer software packages are used for the analysis of these designs. This article provides several appropriate models, ANOVA tables, and standard errors for comparisons from experiments arranged in a standard split-plot, split–split-plot, or split-block design where a covariate has been measured on the smallest size experimental unit.     

A Review of Eight Statistics Software Packages for General Use

Eight statistical software packages for general use by non-statisticians are reviewed. The packages are GraphPad Prism, InStat, ISP, NCSS, SigmaStat, Statistix, Statmost, and Winks. Summary tables of statistical capabilities and “usability” features are followed by discussions of each package. Discussions include system requirements, data import capabilities, statistical capabilities, and user interface. Recommendations, based on user needs and sophistication, are presented following the reviews.     

Emotion recognition and emergent leadership: Unraveling mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions

This study examines the complex connection between individuals' emotion recognition capability and their emergence as leaders. It is hypothesized that emotion recognition and extraversion interactively relate with an individual's task coordination behavior which, in turn, influences the likelihood of emerging as a leader. In other words, we cast task coordination as a mediating mechanism in the joint relationship between emotion recognition and extraversion, on the one hand, and leader emergence, on the other. Study hypotheses were tested using multisource data from two diverse, independent samples. Study 1 supports the hypothesized relationships in a sample of student project teams in the Netherlands, and Study 2 constructively replicates the proposed model using student participants in an assessment center in the United States. These findings were obtained using a performance-based test of emotion recognition and controlling for a battery of known covariates.