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301.
A complication that may arise in some bioequivalence studies is that of ‘incomplete subject profiles’, caused by missing values that occur at one or more sampling points in the concentration–time curve for some study subjects. We assess the impact of incomplete subject profiles on the assessment of bioequivalence in a standard two‐period crossover design. The specific aim of the investigation is to assess the impact of four different patterns of missing concentration values on the coverage level of a 90% nominal two‐sided confidence interval for the ratio of geometric means and then to consider the impact on the probability of concluding bioequivalence. An overall conclusion from the results is that random missingness – that is, missingness for reasons unrelated to the bioavailability of the formulation involved or, more generally, to any aspect of the study design and conduct – has a damaging effect on the study conclusions only when the number of missing values is fairly large. On the other hand, a missingness pattern that potentially has a very damaging effect on the study conclusions is that which arises when values are missing ‘late’ in the concentration–time curve. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 相似文献
302.
Plural form tends to be the most popular organization form in retail and service networks compared to purely franchised or purely company-owned systems. In the first part, this paper exposes the evolution of researchers’ state of mind from the way of thinking which considers franchising and ownership as substitutable organizational forms to theories which analyze the utilization of both franchise and company arrangements. The paper describes the main attempts to explain theoretically the superiority of plural forms. In the second part, the paper discusses the hypothesis which says that there is a relationship between the organizational form of the chain and its efficiency score. It is demonstrated through the application of a data envelopment analysis method on French hotel chains that plural form networks are in average more efficient than strictly franchised and wholly owned chains. The Kruskal–Wallis test which is a distribution-free rank-order statistic is used to statistically verify this relationship. The result does not permit the rejection of the null hypothesis regarding whether an organizational form is more efficient than another one. Hence, this paper opens prospects for researches aiming at testing the organizational form effect on different samples and with other methods. 相似文献
303.
Fehlende und fehlerhafte Daten in der amtlichen Statistik. Neue Herausforderungen und L?sungsans?tze
Walter Radermacher und Thomas K?rner 《Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv》2006,90(4):553-576
Zusammenfassung Die Datenerhebungsprozesse in der amtlichen Statistik unterliegen einem tief greifenden Wandel. Zu
diesem Wandel haben verschiedene Faktoren beigetragen: So verlangen die Auskunftgebenden oftmals eine spürbare
Verringerung der Belastung. Gleichzeitig wünschen viele Nutzer tiefer gegliederte Informationen in
einer wachsenden Zahl von Bereichen. Die statistischen ?mter sehen sich dabei mit immer neuen Budgetkürzungen
konfrontiert, die ihre Reaktionsm?glichkeiten nicht selten einschr?nken. Schlie?lich ist
im Europ?ischen Statistischen System eine weitere Harmonisierung der Datenerhebungsprozesse erforderlich.
Der Wandel der Datenerhebungsprozesse hat nahezu alle Bereiche der amtlichen Statistik erfasst. Vielfach
ersetzen heute Verwaltungsregister (wie im Fall des Unternehmensregisters oder des geplanten registergestützten
Zensus) traditionelle Totalerhebungen. Bei neuen Statistiken tritt nicht selten die Freiwilligkeit der
Auskunftserteilung an die Stelle der Auskunftspflicht. In der Unternehmensstatistik werden die Abl?ufe
bei Befragung und Aufbereitung darüber hinaus grundlegend ver?ndert, wenn etwa die Unternehmen
ihre Angaben automatisch aus dem betrieblichen Rechnungswesen an das statistische Amt senden. In anderen
Bereichen erfordert eine gesunkene Teilnahmebereitschaft an Erhebungen den Einsatz zunehmend komplexer Stichprobenverfahren,
wie etwa im Fall der Dauerstichprobe befragungsbereiter Haushalte.
All diese Ver?nderungen haben erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Messung, insbesondere auf die Behandlung
fehlender und fehlerhafter Daten. Die Konzepte zur Messung von Fehlern in statistischen Erhebungen sind
h?ufig noch immer ausgerichtet an der traditionellen Prim?rstatistik. Um eine Bewertung der ver?nderten
Ans?tze in der Datenerhebung vornehmen zu k?nnen, bedürfen die Fehlertypen daher einer konzeptionellen
Neuausrichtung. So unterscheiden sich z. B. registergestützte und traditionelle Erhebungen hinsichtlich
der Konstruktion der Grundgesamtheit grundlegend. Mit den genannten Ver?nderungen des Erhebungsprozesses
sind zugleich neue Ans?tze zur Erkennung und Korrektur von Antwortausf?llen erforderlich, z. B.
im Fall fehlender oder fehlerhafter Werte in Verwaltungsregistern. Unterschiede zwischen den Merkmalsdefinitionen
in Verwaltungsregistern und der amtlichen Statistik k?nnen schlie?lich zu neuen Typen von Messfehlern
führen, die bislang nur selten Beachtung finden. Dieser Beitrag entwirft ein “Fehlerportfolio”,
das bei der ?nderung von Erhebungsprozessen die Auswirkungen auf den Fehler der Ergebnisse bewerten
hilft.
Data collection processes in official statistics are currently facing many pressures. Respondents ask for a reduced response burden. Users ask for more detailed information in a growing number of subject matter areas. Governments restrict the budget, thus at the same time restricting the possible use of data collection methods. And the European Statistical System requires a further harmonisation of the data collection methods used within the member states. These pressures are also reflected by fundamental changes in the way official statistics are collecting data. Administrative registers replaced traditional censuses in many areas (like the population census or in the whole field of business statistics). Voluntary surveys more and more replace surveys with mandatory response. In some fields, the logic of the response process is being radically reshaped: For example, in German business surveys, enterprises can now report their data directly from their Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. And in many areas increasingly complex sampling designs are used in order to enhance the efficiency of the fieldwork and to counteract a growing reluctance to participate in surveys. The paper focuses on the implications of these changes on survey errors. We argue that the concepts used to measure and assess survey errors still reflect the perspective of the ‘traditional’ survey with primary data collection. With the current changes in the data collection processes these concepts are no longer fully appropriate. For example, an assessment of the coverage errors has to take into account the differences in the construction of the target population in registers and traditional censuses. The changes in the response process necessitate changes in the way we measure and correct for nonresponse errors (e. g. detection of erroneous or missing values in registers). Measurement errors have to be conceived differently in order to cover, e. g., errors due to lacks in compliance of statistical concepts with the concepts used in public administration. We propose an ‘error portfolio’ enabling an assessment the impacts of changes in data collection processes on the survey error.
JEL classification C80 相似文献
304.
Charitable bequests currently account for 9 percent of overall giving in the United States. In this study we examine the motives for this form of support and the potential barriers to giving perceived by members of bequest societies or legacy clubs solicited through direct mail. Through a series of eight focus groups we delineate the individual motives for offering a bequest, the organizational factors that drive gifts of this type, and the potential barriers that could prevent such a gift from being made. The implications for professional fundraising practice are explored. 相似文献
305.
Michael Stahlmann Walter Wendt-Kleinberg Irmgard Weyrather 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2006,37(3):255-271
Today, human resource downsizing and parallel organizational restructuring are on the agenda of many German companies. These changes not only produce work specific emotions for employees and members of work councils but also change psychological contracts embedded in the regulating context of different co-determination structures. This article presents partial results on the topic, from a research project promoted by the ?Hans-Böckler-Foundation“. It analyses the subjective patterns of interpretation, the employees and the work council–s response to continuous human resource downsizing processes. 相似文献
306.
307.
308.
309.
Andreas Berzel Gillian Z. Heller Walter Zucchini 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2006,48(2):213-224
The frequency of doctor consultations has direct consequences for health care budgets, yet little statistical analysis of the determinants of doctor visits has been reported. We consider the distribution of the number of visits to the doctor and, in particular, we model its dependence on a number of demographic factors. Examination of the Australian 1995 National Health Survey data reveals that generalized linear Poisson or negative binomial models are inadequate for modelling the mean as a function of covariates, because of excessive zero counts, and a mean‐variance relationship that varies enormously over covariate values. A negative binomial model is used, with parameter values estimated in subgroups according to the discrete combinations of the covariate values. Smoothing splines are then used to smooth and interpolate the parameter values. In effect the mean and the shape parameters are each modelled as (different) functions of gender, age and geographical factors. The estimated regressions for the mean have simple and intuitive interpretations. However, the dependence of the (negative binomial) shape parameter on the covariates is more difficult to interpret and is subject to influence by extreme observations. We illustrate the use of the model by estimating the distribution of the number of doctor consultations in the Statistical Local Area of Ryde, based on population numbers from the 1996 census. 相似文献
310.