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211.
This paper provides a systematic review of education literature focused on identifying school-based approaches for developing students’ intercultural understanding. Studies were assessed using selection criteria and then critically appraised for study quality. A key finding from the review is that developing students’ intercultural understanding beyond cultural awareness requires students and teachers to take a critical approach toward cultural diversity, as well as the opportunity for ongoing intercultural and intergroup contact. Studies reported that only building cultural awareness and knowledge is not enough to promote long-term changes in attitudes. There is a need for more rigorously evaluated longitudinal school-based interventions. Finally, studies consistently call for investment in teachers’ professional and personal intercultural capabilities. The paper concludes by calling for school-based interventions that are informed by best practice approaches at a whole school level in order to effectively develop students’ intercultural attitudes and skills. 相似文献
212.
Evacuation of people in case of a threat is a possible risk management strategy. Evacuation has the potential to save lives, but it can be costly with respect to time, money, and credibility. The consequences of an evacuation strategy depend on a combination of the time available, citizen response, authority response, and capacity of the infrastructure. The literature that discusses evacuations in case of flood risk management focuses, in most cases, only on a best‐case strategy as a preventive evacuation and excludes other possible strategies. This article introduces a probabilistic method, EvacuAid, to determine the benefits of different types of evacuation with regards to loss of life. The method is applied for a case study in the Netherlands for preventive and vertical evacuation due to flood risk. The results illustrate the impact of uncertainties in available time and actual conditions (e.g., the responses of citizens and authorities and the use of infrastructure). It is concluded that preparation for evacuation requires adaptive planning that takes preventive and vertical evacuation into account, based on a risk management approach. 相似文献
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Theory and Society - 相似文献
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Making and missing connections: learning disability services and the transition from adolescence to adulthood 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bob Hudson 《Disability & Society》2006,21(1):47-60
The transition from adolescence to young adulthood for people with a learning disability is complex and has not generally been handled well in the UK. The response from Government agencies has been to introduce law, regulation, guidance and good practice guides, but these appear to have only limited effect. Drawing upon evidence from a national study, this article examines explanations for the limited progress in this area. It identifies inter-organisational divisions as a crucial factor, and is critical of the 'top-down' approach that has characterised policy responses. It is suggested that a person-centred approach based upon Elmore's concept of 'backward mapping' provides both a tool for understanding and a model for improved implementation. 相似文献
218.
Susanna Lehvävirta D. Johan Kotze Jari Niemelä Meri Mäntysaari Bob O'Hara 《Urban Ecosystems》2006,9(1):13-26
We studied the effects of fragmentation (edge effects and patch size) and trampling (path cover) on carabid beetle assemblages
in urban woodland patches in Helsinki, Finland. We expected that (1) open habitat and generalist species would benefit and
forest species would suffer from increased woodland fragmentation, and (2) most carabid species would respond negatively to
increased levels of trampling. A total of 2088 carabid individuals representing 37 species were collected. A cluster analysis
distinguished sites in the interior of large woodland patches, with low or moderate path cover, from the other sites. The
other sites did not cluster meaningfully, suggesting increased variation in the carabid fauna with increasing human impact.
All species and ecological species-groups decreased with increasing distance from the edge toward the woodland interior and
with increasing patch size. This pattern is in accordance with our expectation for open habitat and generalist species but
opposite to what we expected for forest species. The reason for these surprising results may be that (1) the species we collected
are not true forest interior species, (2) urban woodland edges are optimal habitats for many forest carabids, or (3) edges
are actually sub-optimal, and high catches simply reflect increased activity of beetles moving away from the edge. Trampling
did not have an overall negative effect on carabids as hypothesized. Species associated with moist forest habitat responded
as predicted: they decreased in abundance with increasing path cover. Furthermore, open habitat species decreased with increasing
path cover but more straightforward than we had predicted. Model elaboration, by dropping the highly trampled sites from the
analyses, suggested that our data of high trampling may be too scarce: the results without these sites were more in accordance
with our predictions than with the full dataset. 相似文献
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Summary and Conclusions To reiterate, we think word processors driven by microcomputers can be used effectively for processing notes, observations and other textual data collected through qualitative research methods and later for analyzing them. Of course, machines cannot analyze data, engender concepts, or write insightful prose. In fact, these machines can do nothing that humans do not instruct them to do. InAnalyzing Social Settings, John Lofland describes the overlap of observation and analysis in a project and suggests the use of a general file structure and mechanical procedures that can stimulate on-going analysis during observation (1971:118). Whatever the system one uses, if the interplay between what is observed and what is made sociologically meaningful can be less a clerical task, then so much the better. In sum, we think word-processing systems can help a sociologist electronically cut and paste raw text files and spur the researcher into producing superior files and reports. 相似文献