An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT Part I

Part II will appear inPopulation and Environment 15(6).     

A Marxian-Malthusian view of poverty and development

Abstract The names of Marx and Malthus are often linked in disjunction but never in conjunction. Nevertheless, the thesis argued in this paper is that the two historically dominant theories of poverty, the Marxian and the Malthusian, are not inconsistent, but complementary; that a union of the two yields a basic fourfold typology of social classes by differential ownership of property and differential fertility; that this typology can also be viewed as a way of disaggregating the meaningless average of 'GNP per head' in a way which gives social content (i.e. a distributional dimension) to the concept; that the typology provides more satisfactory definitions of 'development' and 'overpopulation'; and that these four categories are improved, or usefully supplemented, by replacing the flowof income by the stock of wealth in each case. Also the universality of the typology is discussed along with some preliminary empirical considerations.     

Free trade versus community: Social and environmental consequences of free trade in a world with capital mobility and overpopulated regions

Free trade based on comparative advantage is a widely accepted economic doctrine. The pure logic of comparative advantage, within the context of its assumptions, is unassailable. However, in a world characterized by demographic explosion, ecological stress, and free capital mobility, free trade does not serve the interests of wage-earners in countries with a relatively higher standard of living; it tends to undermine the national community that embraces both labor and capital.For a more extended discussion of some of the issues raised here, see Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr. (1989).For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and A sustainable future. Boston: Beacon Press.     

Women in the workforce and family structure in Australia

The purpose of this paper is to set out some of the changes that have taken place in the economic status of women in Australia and to discuss the relationship between economic factors and family structure. I look at the position of women in the workforce and examine some of the possible explanations for the increase in female participation. These include the increase in the female wage, demographic changes and changes in the industrial composition of the economy. In a final section, I examine some of the evidence for the effect of economic variables, particularly the wage, on fertility. I would like to thank Bob Gregory, Bruce Chapman, George Fane, Francis Teal and the Journal’s referees for valuable comments on an earlier draft. All responsibility for remaining errors is mine.     

The food-related role shift experiences of spousal male care partners and their wives with dementia

Spousal male care partners and their wives with dementia encounter challenges as they deal with food-related role changes. There are limited studies describing male care partners who adopt food roles previously performed by their wives and none have described this process from the perspective of the women who lose these food roles. This study explores the experiences of nine male care partners and their wives as they adjust to these role changes. Theoretically sampled participants were interviewed (dyad and individually) as part of the Eating Together (Phase 1) study. Using grounded theory methodology, 3 years of interview data from these participants were analysed. The substantive theory developed describes the process of sliding into food-related roles. This shifting of roles is driven by the need to reciprocate nurturance. Spousal couples reciprocate nurturance by keeping standards and watching over one another. Additionally, they navigate through the sliding into food role process by coming to terms with the need for food-related role changes and working things out. Spousal couples find the process of sliding into roles less challenging when they were successful in promoting each others' self-worth and preserving identities throughout the process. This study shows the need to provide support to male care partners and their wives with dementia, especially in the area of food roles.     

A generalized hierarchical model of resource allocation

This study presents a three-level, linear version of the Generalized Hierarchical Model (GHM) and demonstrates how the model can be used in allocating resources for a hypothetical university. The GHM uses a composition approach to organizational modeling. By applying the model to a rather large university planning problem, it is demonstrated that the composition approach can serve as a planning tool that may be useful in allocating resources within hierarchical organizations.     

Time,Gender, and the Negotiation of Family Schedules

I examine the interactive processes by which women and men negotiate family time schedules. Based on fifty interviews with seventeen dual‐earner couples, I focus on the ways men and women define time in gendered ways, exert different controls over the way time is used, and align their time strategies in the course of managing everyday family life. The results indicate that there are both continuities and discontinuities with the past: women continue to exert more control over the organization of time in families, but time negotiation itself has become a more complex and demanding activity. The way that couples carry out these negotiations reflects a variety of adaptive strategies, with some couples being very reactive in contending with present demands and others being highly structured and seeking to anticipate and control the future. Although some couples worked to negotiate balance in their time responsibilities, it was wives who maintained control over time and, ultimately, the orchestration of family activity.