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Correspondence to William Bradshaw, Ph.D., LICSW School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, 105 Peters Hall, 1404 Gortner Ave. St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. E-mail: Bbradsha{at}che.umn.edu Summary Practitioner research that utilizes single-system designs andreplication studies has been promoted as a means to developpsychosocial interventions of demonstrated effectiveness. Atthe same time, there has been relatively little practitionerpublication of single-system studies. The purpose of this studywas to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural interventionsin the treatment of schizophrenia. The study used a single-systemmultiple baseline design across seven subjects to evaluate changein clinical outcomes. The AB design included a (A) baselinephase and (B) cognitive-behavioural intervention phase. Standardizedmeasures of psychosocial functioning, severity of symptoms andattainment of treatment goals were used to assess change overthe course of three years treatment. A pre-test/post-test designwas used to measure achievement of treatment goals. All sevenclients made statistically significant improvement in psychosocialfunctioning when the baseline mean was compared to the interventionmean. The average effect size for the seven cases was 2.96.All seven clients made a statistically significant reductionin severity of psychiatric symptoms when the baseline mean wascompared to the intervention mean. The average effect size forthe seven cases was -2.19. All seven clients exceeded the expectedlevel of attainment of treatment goals. The pre-test averagegoal attainment score for the seven cases was 20.65 (sd = .55).The average post-test score was 71 (sd = 8). Directions forfuture research and the applicability of single-system designsfor the practitioner researcher evaluation of mental healthpractice are discussed. 相似文献
173.
William V. Gehrlein 《Theory and Decision》2002,52(2):171-199
Many studies have considered the probability that a pairwise majority rule (PMR) winner exists for three candidate elections. The absence of a PMR winner indicates an occurrence of Condorcet's Paradox for three candidate elections. This paper summarizes work that has been done in this area with the assumptions of: Impartial Culture, Impartial Anonymous Culture, Maximal Culture, Dual Culture and Uniform Culture. Results are included for the likelihood that there is a strong winner by PMR, a weak winner by PMR, and the probability that a specific candidate is among the winners by PMR. Closed form representations are developed for some of these probabilities for Impartial Anonymous Culture and for Maximal Culture. Consistent results are obtained for all cultures. In particular, very different behaviors are observed for odd and even numbers of voters. The limiting probabilities as the number of voters increases are reached very quickly for odd numbers of voters, and quite slowly for even numbers of voters. The greatest likelihood of observing Condorcet's Paradox typically occurs for small numbers of voters. Results suggest that while examples of Condorcet's Paradox are observed, one should not expect to observe them with great frequency in three candidate elections. 相似文献
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Central Place Theory predicts the geographic distribution of services in an economy. Using the 1899 Colorado State Business Directory, this case study examines retail grocers, physicians, wholesale grocers and dentists. As predicted by the theory, the distribution of grocers, physician, and dentists closelyailable parallels population patterns. Higher order services such as dentistry are available at few centers while low order services such as groceries and medical care are widely available. On the other hand, the distribution of wholesaling corresponds to location theories for producer services. These services concentrate in highly accessible trade entrepots and gateway centers. Overall the 1899 pattern is much like today. 相似文献
177.
The technological approach to risk regulation seeks to lessen the incidence of mortality and morbidity by modifying environmental conditions. Insofar as risk-taking behavior is purposive, social scientists have predicted that technological progress may be negated by various forms of risk compensation. The validity of this hypothesis is tested in the transportation sector with data from the U.S. on the effects of new mandatory safety-belt-use laws. A fixed-effects model of traffic fatality counts is estimated using pooled data from 50 states during the 1975–1987 period. Results suggest that such laws have reduced mortality among car occupants to a degree that is compatible with the predictions of technologists. However, there is weak evidence of increased mortality among some nonoccupants, a pattern predicted by risk-compensation theorists. The lifesaving effects of belt-use laws are largest in states that permit primary police enforcement and appear to be somewhat larger for front-seat occupants age 21 and under. Although offsetting behavior appears to be small relative to lifesaving effects, it may take several more years for any compensatory behavior to achieve a new equilibrium.This research was supported in part by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control to the New England Injury Prevention Research Center. 相似文献
178.
William R. Cline 《Journal of Policy Modeling》1980,2(1):1-17
Some advocates of a new international economic order recommend raising prices of commodities exported by developing countries as a means of reducing the inequality of world income distribution. A simulation model using commodity trade data and income distribution data for 68 industrial and developing countries examines this policy alternative. Initial data compilation reveals that internal inequality is as important as international: The world income share of the poorest 40% of people would be twice as high in the absence of intracountry inequality. Calculations using actual price experience in the “great inflation” of 1972–1975 show that despite the large relative price changes for some commodities (especially oil), these changes left the world size distribution of income virtually unchanged. Separate policy simulations show that even a quadrupling of the price of ali “equalizing” commodities (those mainly exported by LDCs) would leave the size distribution of world income practically unaltered (even under optimistic assumptions about intracountry distributional incidence), although some individual LDCs would gain. Increasing commodity prices therefore appears to be an ineffective means of increasing international equity, quite apart from questions about the feasibility of cartels or commodity agreements. 相似文献
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Norman P. Li Lily Patel Daniel Balliet William Tov Christie N. Scollon 《Social indicators research》2011,101(3):391-404
We examined factors related to attitudes toward marriage and the importance of having children in both the US and Singapore. Path analysis indicated that life dissatisfaction leads to materialism, and both of these factors lead to favorable attitudes toward marriage, which leads to greater desire for children. Further analysis indicated this model was effective in explaining the difference in desire for children between Singaporeans and Americans, whereby Singaporeans have lower life satisfaction, higher materialism, and lower attitudes toward marriage and children. Materialistic standards of success were also related to the emphasis women placed on potential marriage partners’ earning capacity. As Singaporean women had higher materialistic standards, they also placed higher emphasis on potential mates’ earning capacity. Results suggest a consideration of psychological variables such as life satisfaction, materialism, and mate preferences may lead to a better understanding of larger-scale socioeconomic issues, including low fertility rates among developed East Asian countries. 相似文献