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291.
Douglas V. Porpora 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(2):209-229
With the increased sociological interest in popular culture, many studies have examined the hero types lauded by the media
from situation comedies to movies, books, and magazines. Few studies, however, have examined who, if anybody, actual individuals
identify as personal heroes. To the extent that the hero identification of individuals has been examined at all, it has generally
been the hero identification of children and adolescents that has been studied. The study of heroes is important because heroes
are one indicator of who we are and what we stand for. That is partly what motivates the recent attention to the media's identification
of heroes. Yet while the media represent a very visible aspect of culture, who individuals privately cite as their heroes
is, although less visible, just as much a part of who we are as a culture. Accordingly, this paper reports on findings from
two telephone surveys conducted in Philadelphia that, among other questions pertaining to the meaning of life, asked adults
over 18 whether they had any heroes and if so who those heroes were. The tendency to identify with heroes was found to be
related to transcendental concerns with the meaning of life and to religiosity. Overall, the pattern of findings discloses
an unstudied dimension of cultural disenchantment. 相似文献
292.
As U.S. cities accommodate increasing ethnic and racial diversity, political choices may unify or divide their local populations. Those choices pull communities toward two different modes of pluralism: traditional “melting pot” assimilation or a complex mosaic of racial and ethnic assertiveness. Central to this issue is equity and empowerment, which may be accentuated by minority populations’ size, structure, and spatial concentration. We examine two potential modes of local empowerment: “dominance,” whereby each group is the majority of voters in single election districts (reinforcing separative tendencies), and “influence,” whereby a group gains “influential minority” status in several districts (reinforcing unifying tendencies). 相似文献
293.
294.
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296.
A study of three-dimensional curves 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
K. V. Mardia A. J. Baczkowski X. Feng P. A. Millner 《Journal of applied statistics》1996,23(1):139-148
In certain abnormalities of spinal shape, the long axis of the spine moves out of the median sagittal plane, producing both an axial torsion and a lateral deviation out of the usual front-back plane. Clinicians need to be able to assess rapidly and accurately whether or not an individual has such an abnormality. In this paper, we examine several case studies. These are analyzed using some simple summary statistics, and the use of these methods to infer abnormality is demonstrated. Using a simple fitted model for the data, an angular estimate of abnormality is obtained. Empirical measures of abnormality based on the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are also determined. These methods are applied to a number of individuals for whom the surface spinal profiles have been recorded and who have been assessed as normal or abnormal by clinicians. 相似文献
297.
Simon J. T. Pollard Ray V. Kemp Mark Crawford Raquel Duarte-Davidson James G. Irwin Roger Yearsley 《Risk analysis》2004,24(6):1551-1560
Environmental policymakers and regulators are often in the position of having to prioritize their actions across a diverse range of environmental pressures to secure environmental protection and improvements. Information on environmental issues to inform this type of strategic analysis can be disparate; it may be too voluminous or even absent. Data on a range of issues are rarely presented in a common format that allows easy analysis and comparison. Nevertheless, judgments are required on the significance of various environmental pressures and on the inherent uncertainties to inform strategic assessments such as “state of the environment” reports. How can decisionmakers go about this type of strategic and comparative risk analysis? In an attempt to provide practical tools for the analysis of environmental risks at a strategic level, the Environment Agency of England and Wales has conducted a program of developmental research on strategic risk assessment since 1996. The tools developed under this program use the concept of “environmental harm” as a common metric, viewed from technical, social, and economic perspectives, to analyze impacts from a range of environmental pressures. Critical to an informed debate on the relative importance of these perspectives is an understanding and analysis of the various characteristics of harm (spatial and temporal extent, reversibility, latency, etc.) and of the social response to actual or potential environmental harm from a range of hazards. Recent developments in our approach, described herein, allow a presentation of the analysis in a structured fashion so as to better inform risk‐management decisions. 相似文献
298.
Predictors of prenatal and postnatal parenting efficacy were examined in a sample of 115 primiparous mothers and 73 fathers in an effort to examine the association between preexisting parental characteristics and prenatal efficacy and the association between prenatal characteristics and postnatal efficacy when aspects of the current parenting context are taken into account. The most robust predictors of maternal postnatal efficacy included both prenatal efficacy, which significantly predicted postnatal efficacy independent of all other predictors including the current parenting context, and perceived infant temperamental reactivity as both a main effect and as buffered by social support. This was not the case for fathers, whose postnatal efficacy was primarily a function of their amount of involvement in parenting tasks and social support. The differential predictors of mother and father efficacy as well as their implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
299.
Wolf Heydebrand 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(4):330-335
300.
Vincent Jeffries Barry V. Johnston Lawrence T. Nichols Samuel P. Oliner Edward Tiryakian Jay Weinstein 《The American Sociologist》2006,37(3):67-83
Conclusion This article has presented a vision of what a field of altruism and social solidarity could potentially involve. An additional
perspective on the nature of this field and how it could contribute to the discipline and to society is provided by the science
of psychology. In the last decade a fundamental new orientation has developed in this discipline, growing from the pioneering
work of Martin E.P. Seligman. Generally identified as “positive psychology” it represents a shift from a focus on trying to
understand and find solutions to mental illness and various pathologies of thought and behavior in a “disease model” to a
focus on human strengths, virtues, and other positive characteristics. This shift in focus is regarded as making a direct
contribution to understanding what is best in human emotions and traits and how society can support the psychological flourishing
of individuals. This new perspective in turn provides increased awareness of how the problems studied in the disease model
can more effectively be prevented (Seligman, 2003, 2005). The importance of this focus on the positive for sociology and a
call to action is stated by Seligman (2003): The third pillar of positive psychology is the study of positive institutions
and positive communities. 相似文献