Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

"人因"--现代灾害的主要致灾源

1999年自然灾害频发,如台湾、土耳其、希腊的大地震,苏丹、柬埔寨等地的洪水,肆虐美国的飓风……据联合国再保险公司的穆尼黑·雷先生统计,20世纪90年代全球自然灾害数量是60年代的3倍.地处伦敦的格赖恩灾害研究中心的科学家们分析,20世纪60年代和70年代,是全球地震相对沉寂的时期,人们对地震逐渐放松了警惕,很多富人在地震活跃带大兴土木,人口逐渐密集.因而土耳其等地的地震使那么多人伤亡,亦不足为奇.     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

Führung durch Selbstführung

This paper outlines the conceptual bases, strategies, and psychological attributes of leadership by self-leadership. In addition, relations to other theories of leadership are drawn. Dimensions and correlates of self-leadership competence are described and discussed. Various approaches for developing self-leadership competence are discussed as well.     

论中国的法律移植问题

自改革开放以来 ,中国法律制度的发展可谓日趋完善。在这个发展过程中 ,法律移植起到了不可忽视的促进作用。在法律移植过程中应注意国外法与本国法之间的同构性和兼容性 ,做到有选择地移植 ;移植过来的法律还要面临一个“本土化”的过程 ;移植法律的同时必须注意植入与之相适应的法律精神、意识和观念。从而迅速缩小与发达国家的差距 ,促进我国法制的现代化。     

论发展观的历史形态及其辩证关系

传统发展观与可持续发展观是发展观的两种历史形态 ,传统发展观以经济增长为惟一目的 ,认为发展的实质是一个经济过程 ,从而混淆了发展与增长的关系 ,恶化了人类的生存状况 ,使人成了单向度的人 ,造成了发展中内部经济与外部不经济的矛盾。而可持续发展观则是社会、经济、人与自然协调共生的一种综合发展观。传统发展观与可持续发展观既表现出在发展的内涵及其方式、发展的空间和时间尺度、衡量指标、人与自然的关系等方面的区别 ,也呈现出在共时态上的依托性、在历时态上的相继性和重视经济发展的共同性等方面的相互联系。     

DELPHI中图形的连续旋转与动画的实现

阐述了在DELPHI语言中利用Canvas的Pixels[]属性来实现图形连续旋转和利用CopyRect()函数实现动画的方法 .     

Simple detection of outlying short time series

Sets of relatively short time series arise in many situations. One aspect of their analysis may be the detection of outlying series. We examine the performance of standard normal outlier tests applied to the means, or to simple functions of the means, of AR(1) series, not necessarily of equal lengths. Although unequal lengths of series implies that the means have unequal variances, that are only known approximately, it is shown that nominal significance levels hold good under most circumstances. Thus a standard outlier test can usefully be applied, avoiding the complication of estimating the time series' parameters. The test's power is affected by unequal lengths, being higher when the slippage occurs in one of the longer series     

四川地区农民持续增收的制约因素分析

根据四川省统计局的历年数据,本文分析了四川省农民收入增长的规律：改革来,四川农民收入总量上呈现逐年增长、增幅减缓的特征;四川农民收入水平在全国的排位下降。宏观经济分析表明,影响农民收入持续增长的主要有外部因素如制度障碍、农业投入不足、农资价格上涨等,内部因素如生产结构不合理、基础设施脆弱和农民素质不高等方面。因此,要构建农民增收的长效机制必须突破制度障碍。     

Inference for the measurement of poverty in the presence of a stochastic weighting variable

Empirical applications of poverty measurement often have to deal with a stochastic weighting variable such as household size. Within the framework of a bivariate distribution function defined over income and weight, I derive the limiting distributions of the decomposable poverty measures and of the ordinates of stochastic dominance curves. The poverty line is allowed to depend on the income distribution. It is shown how the results can be used to test hypotheses concerning changes in poverty. The inference procedures are briefly illustrated using Belgian data. An erratum to this article can be found at