Development of Vocal Protests From 3 to 18 Months

Infants often protest the activities of their caregivers, and this particular social interaction may provide an important window on early communication and its development. This study used naturalistic methods to investigate the development of vocal protests. Fifteen mother‐infant dyads at each of 5 ages, from 3 to 18 months, were observed at home. Maternal behaviors of caregiving and prohibiting were tallied from videotapes, as were infants' protests of these behaviors. Maternal caregiving decreased with age, but maternal prohibitions increased. There were no changes over age in the probability of protesting maternal caregiving behavior; however, 12‐month‐olds were more likely to protest prohibitions than 6‐ or 8‐month‐olds. Older infants were also more likely to use intense protests, such as screams, than younger infants. These age‐related changes were mirrored by the differences in prohibitions and protests observed between 8‐month‐olds who could crawl and those who could not. Findings from this study were related to previous research on infant crying as an important part of the prelinguistic communication system.     

劳动力异质、流动方向与城乡差距悖论

城乡差距悖论指的是我国城乡居民的收入并没有随城乡劳动力的流动而缩小。传统的文献对于城乡之间劳动力流动行为及其意义关注很多,然而对于城乡之间劳动力的异质性和流动方向及其所附带的经济意义却关注过少。通过对城乡劳动力流动缩小城乡差距的作用渠道进行研究和分析,并构建数理模型将城乡劳动力的异质性和流动方向的经济意义进行研究和数值模拟,最后得出在考虑城乡劳动力异质性的情况下,城乡之间劳动力的流动方向对完全消除城乡差距具有重要意义,并根据结论提出相关建议。     

医学生医德教育的困境及对策

医德是保证社会医疗卫生事业健康发展的一个重要因素,而关于医德方面的教育也是医学教育中的重要组成部分之一。可以说,医德教育的好坏直接关系到社会医德风尚,但是从目前的形势上来看,在我国现行的医学生医德教育中实际上是存在着许多问题的,医德教育很多时候都是在困境中前行的。因此在本文中作者在对医德教育其重要意义进行了阐释的基础上就医学生医学教育中存在的诸多问题进行了剖析,并就这些问题提出了相应的解决方案和应对策略,旨在以此为提高医学生医德教育的质量提供一定的参照和指导。     

地方政府权力清单制度法治化研究

地方政府权力清单制度的法治化是通过法律规范地方各级政府及其部门的权力以清单的形式详细清晰地予以公布,并产生强制性的约束力,规范政府的权力边界,要求政府必须按照清单所列权力依法行政,不允许越权执法,旨在制约行政权力,保障公民权利。本文基于行政法定原则、行政公开原则、行政便民原则阐释了地方政府权力清单制度法治化的理论基础,然而,地方政府权力清单制度的实践中仍存在一些问题,应当从权力类型的科学化管理和权力清单范围全覆盖等方面优化权力清单的内容,从权力清单制定主体、权力行使的程序和清单制度的实施方式等方面提供程序性的保障,从权力清单的责任约束和有效监督方面建立刚性制约机制,以此来完善地方政府权力清单制度的法治化,防止行政权力的滥用,推进法治政府的建设。     

信息技术与高中数学课程整合探究

信息技术与数学课程整合已成为必然趋势,各种教学辅助软件的出现使教师应接不暇。数学软件Maple凭借其简单的操作和强大的功能等优势被越来越多的数学教师作为辅助教学软件。本文用数学实验的方法介绍了Maple在高中数学教学中的几个应用实例,并对信息技术与课程整合与传统教学法之间的优缺点进行了比较。     

Statistical modeling for Bayesian extrapolation of adult clinical trial information in pediatric drug evaluation

Children represent a large underserved population of “therapeutic orphans,” as an estimated 80% of children are treated off‐label. However, pediatric drug development often faces substantial challenges, including economic, logistical, technical, and ethical barriers, among others. Among many efforts trying to remove these barriers, increased recent attention has been paid to extrapolation; that is, the leveraging of available data from adults or older age groups to draw conclusions for the pediatric population. The Bayesian statistical paradigm is natural in this setting, as it permits the combining (or “borrowing”) of information across disparate sources, such as the adult and pediatric data. In this paper, authored by the pediatric subteam of the Drug Information Association Bayesian Scientific Working Group and Adaptive Design Working Group, we develop, illustrate, and provide suggestions on Bayesian statistical methods that could be used to design improved pediatric development programs that use all available information in the most efficient manner. A variety of relevant Bayesian approaches are described, several of which are illustrated through 2 case studies: extrapolating adult efficacy data to expand the labeling for Remicade to include pediatric ulcerative colitis and extrapolating adult exposure‐response information for antiepileptic drugs to pediatrics.     

Modeling binary familial data using Gaussian copula

Modeling binary familial data has been a challenging task due to the dependence among family members and the constraints imposed on the joint probability distribution of the binary responses. This paper investigates some useful familial dependence structures and proposes analyzing binary familial data using Gaussian copula model. Advantages of this approach are discussed as well as some computational details. An numerical example is also presented with an aim to show the capability of Gaussian copula model in more sophisticated data analysis.     

与能源消耗等指标发生偏离的GDP是否可信

本文选取了1995-2014年全国30个省市数据,综合使用了向量自回归模型、参数面板模型、非参数面板模型和面板门限模型对GDP增速与电力消费增速、第二产业增速、第三产业增速、财政收入增速、货物流转增速、能源消费增速和固定资产投资增速等物理性指标间的关系进行了建模.实证研究发现,GDP增速、电力消费增速、第三产业增速、能源消费增速之间存在作用机制,但是这种影响模式并非一成不变,在不同时间段内,其模式发生改变,同时,这一影响模式也随着人均GDP的变化而发生阶段性改变.在经济新常态下,不能因为经济转型中的GDP数据与物理指数之间发生偏离,而简单否定GDP的准确性.     

Fast robust feature screening for ultrahigh-dimensional varying coefficient models

In this paper, we propose a new partial correlation, the so-called composite quantile partial correlation, to measure the relationship of two variables given other variables. We further use this correlation to screen variables in ultrahigh-dimensional varying coefficient models. Our proposed method is fast and robust against outliers and can be efficiently employed in both single index variable and multiple index variable varying coefficient models. Numerical results indicate the preference of our proposed method.     

抗战时期中国共产党青年动员工作的开展

抗日战争时期,为了切实把社会各阶层青年纳入到中国共产党的战时轨道,中国共产党在根据地、国统区、沦陷区展开了全面的青年动员工作。在根据地,中国共产党成立青年动员工作领导机构,建设、发展和巩固根据地;在国统区,发动了广大青年推动和支持国民政府坚决抗战,争取民主,促进抗日青年统一战线;在日占区,秘密发展抗日青年组织,动员青年与日本法西斯和汪伪政权展开英勇机智地斗争,为抗战的胜利作出了突出贡献。