Cox regression analysis in presence of collinearity: an application to assessment of health risks associated with occupational radiation exposure

This paper considers the analysis of time to event data in the presence of collinearity between covariates. In linear and logistic regression models, the ridge regression estimator has been applied as an alternative to the maximum likelihood estimator in the presence of collinearity. The advantage of the ridge regression estimator over the usual maximum likelihood estimator is that the former often has a smaller total mean square error and is thus more precise. In this paper, we generalized this approach for addressing collinearity to the Cox proportional hazards model. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of the ridge regression estimator. Our approach was motivated by an occupational radiation study conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to evaluate health risks associated with occupational radiation exposure in which the exposure tends to be correlated with possible confounders such as years of exposure and attained age. We applied the proposed methods to this study to evaluate the association of radiation exposure with all-cause mortality.     

The robustness of the quasilikelihood estimator

The quasilikelihood estimator is widely used in data analysis where a likelihood is not available. We illustrate that with a given variance function it is not only conservative, in minimizing a maximum risk, but also robust against a possible misspecification of either the likelihood or cumulants of the model. In examples it is compared with estimators based on maximum likelihood and quadratic estimating functions.     

Robustness of testing the equality of two slopes in simple linear structural relationships

The usual test of the equality of two slopes in a simple structural relation-ship is the test formed from the normal approximation using the Fisher information matrix, assuming two explanatory variables are independent. This paper examines the robustness if the explanatory variables are, in fact, dependent. A more efficient estimator is derived for a matched pair situation.     

论中西哲学的会通

自从提出中国哲学中不存在西方ontology以后,有一种新的观点,试图为不同于西方ontology的所谓中国哲学本体论作辩护,并欲以此会通中西哲学,这实际上涉及到什么是哲学的根本问题。从逻辑上说,在中国哲学中寻找本体论,仍未脱出西方哲学观念的框架,而会通中西哲学的历史任务则必定要求传统哲学观念的更新。根据唯物史观可以初步探讨出新哲学观念的特征。     

对中国行政法的反思:一个香港的视角

中国的现代行政法与中国古代法律传统没有多大的延续性。相比较而言,英国行政法有着其引以为荣的绵延数世纪的历史,其重心在于对行政行为的司法审查。中国行政法的结构与英国行政法的结构截然不同。在中国的行政诉讼制度中,就司法审查的范围而言:首先,抽象行政行为不受司法审查;其次,内部行政行为不受司法审查;再者,《行政诉讼法》只授权对某些类型的具体行政行为案件进行司法审查。就行政行为的审查理由或标准而言,中国法律的有关规定要比英国或香港的较为有限。但就一方面而言,中国法律提供的审查空间和力度似乎比英国或香港更为宽泛,这便是对行政行为的事实依据的审查。     

“功能性表达性模型”与中国警察信任——基于全国样本的多重中介与调节模型分析

功能性模型认为,提升警察信任的主要方法在于预防和控制犯罪,降低犯罪率与提升公众安全感;而表达性模型认为,提升警察信任更应注重维护社会正义与社区凝聚力。基于提出促进中国警察信任度提高的理论模型,提升公众获得感、幸福感、安全感,实现国家和社会整体安全的最终目的,采用结构方程模型验证“功能性-表达性模型”与中国警察信任关系的结果表明,功能性模型与表达性模型内部因素之间存在显著路径关系,同时功能性模型显著影响表达性模型指标进而改变公众对警察的信任程度。经调节效应分析后发现,主观社会阶层负向调节被害经历到犯罪恐惧感的直接路径,社交媒体使用负向调节犯罪恐惧感到警察信任的直接路径;在主观社会阶层和社交媒体使用的共同调节作用下,“被害经历→犯罪恐惧感→警察信任”中介路径效应值,随社交媒体使用频率的提升而增大,随主观社会阶层的升高而减小。     

帕累托改进和分税制改革

随着中国经济社会的不断发展,分税制财政管理体制在运行中出现了一系列新的问题和矛盾.我国在未来新一轮税制改革的调整过程中,必须根据具体的因素法确定不同地区的"存量"比例,要不断弱化"存量"带来的束缚和限制,逐步解决现行制度设计中的种种问题和缺陷,要建立和完善科学的转移支付制度,明晰各级政府的财权和事权,同时要处理好现行"层级财政"的转换,以解决基层财政困难的问题.     

论财务报告的发展趋势

文章分析了财务报告环境发生的重大变化,并从理论与实践的角度论述了财务报告内容、模式和信息披露等几个方面的基本发展趋势.