Middle Childhood Feelings Toward Mothers: Predictions From Maternal Directiveness at the Age of Two and Respect for Autonomy Currently

The goals of this study were to examine (1) stability of maternal directiveness during interactions with their children from toddlerhood to late middle childhood, (2) direct and mediated relations between mothers' directiveness when children were two years old, mothers' respect for autonomy and children's positivity and negativity toward their mothers when children were in late middle childhood, and (3) differences in these paths by ethnoracial group. Participants included 876 European‐American, 789 African‐American, and 411 Mexican‐American mothers and their children from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Maternal respect for autonomy at Time 2 partially mediated an association between Time 1 directiveness and observed child positivity toward mothers at Time 2. There was also a direct inverse link between Time 1 maternal directiveness and children's observed positivity toward mothers at Time 2. Relations were similar across ethnoracial groups and for boys and girls. The discussion focuses on heterotypic stability in directive parenting and its implications for children's feelings toward their mothers.     

Reverse Mortgage as an Income Stabilizer for the Elderly in Korea

This paper examines the features of reverse mortgages in Korea, comparing beneficiary and non‐beneficiary groups in relation to income security for elderly homeowners without sufficient income. In addition, this study estimates how much poverty rates would decrease if all elderly single and couple households joined the program. A reverse mortgage was implemented in 2007 in Korea as a government guaranteed scheme for elderly homeowners. Notwithstanding the contribution of the reverse mortgage program, many elderly homeowners do not utilize the system as a useful means to earn additional income. Given the high elderly poverty rate and incomplete social safety net in Korea, the program should be extended to supplement the insufficient income of elderly “house‐rich but cash‐poor” households. The paper first reviews reverse mortgage policy details. We then investigate key characteristics of the beneficiaries and compare beneficiaries and non‐beneficiaries based on nationwide survey data. Finally, we estimate the potential income‐raising effects of the program and draw implications of the income security policy in Korea and reconfiguration of the welfare state in a broader context.     

Society’s (Virtually) Time-Free Transition into the Digital Age

Three early studies of the impact of IT on American society suggested that it was having a negative impact on social life, as well as mass media use. This article reviews the results from two large multiyear US national surveys that have been monitoring social change in US daily life with high response rates: (1) the 1974–2012 General Social Survey (GSS; with more than 55,000 adult respondents aged 18+) and (2) the 2003–2011 American Time-Use Survey (ATUS; with more than 100,000 such respondents). The GSS has collected time-estimate data on particular social and media activities, while the ATUS surveys have collected complete 24-h diary accounts across a single day. Our analysis is conducted on two levels to determine whether various social/media activities have changed (1) at the aggregate societal level as new IT have diffused over the last 20 years and (2) among individuals who use these new media more. In both surveys, there seems little if any significant impact of these new media on social/media time, even though they had become the predominant source of information and social contact by 2004. GSS respondents in general have not reported lower levels of social or media contact since the 1990s, and while those GSS respondents who spent more time on the Internet did report fewer social visits with relatives, they reported more visits with friends, compared to those who do not use the Internet. The main difference between users and nonusers in the ATUS was with time at paid work, and that was only partially explained by higher Internet use by teens and on days off from work. For reading and certain other behaviors, Internet use was sometimes associated with increased use in these surveys. Moreover, no consistent decline in either social or media activities was found in either survey across this period of Internet diffusion, much in line with the earlier national studies. At the same time, it seems clear that not only the ATUS but diary studies in other countries are failing to capture the significant social impact of IT on the rest of life in the new digital age.     

Adaptive-Cox model averaging for right-censored data

In medical studies, Cox proportional hazards model is a commonly used method to deal with the right-censored survival data accompanied by many explanatory covariates. In practice, the Akaike's information criterion (AIC) or the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is usually used to select an appropriate subset of covariates. It is well known that neither the AIC criterion nor the BIC criterion dominates for all situations. In this paper, we propose an adaptive-Cox model averaging procedure to get a more robust hazard estimator. First, by applying AIC and BIC criteria to perturbed datasets, we obtain two model averaging (MA) estimated survival curves, called AIC-MA and BIC-MA. Then, based on Kullback–Leibler loss, a better estimate of survival curve between AIC-MA and BIC-MA is chosen, which results in an adaptive-Cox estimate of survival curve. Simulation results show the superiority of our approach and an application of the proposed method is also presented by analyzing the German Breast Cancer Study dataset.     

“中国皇后号”的城市外交特征与价值研究

2014年2月22日是"中国皇后号"首航中国的230周年纪念日。1784年2月22日,美国第一条商船开往中国广州,开始了中美正式交往。为了纪念"中国皇后号"首航中国230周年,本文对"中国皇后号"的相关文献进行梳理分析研究,认为"中国皇后号"首航中国始末是一个典型的城市外交案例,对当今开展城市外交活动颇具借鉴意义。城市外交的理论和实践在世界各国由于各自的社会历史发展过程、国家体制存在差异,因而表现出各自的特色。中国的城市外交的理论和实践还处于探索阶段,本文综合比较国内外城市外交的前沿理论,对"中国皇后号"首航中国广州始末进行分析研究,归纳提炼出:民间组织是建立信任的纽带,经济利益是核心动力,城市是资源整合的平台等三大城市外交特征,以及经济、外交、文化等三大价值,希望这些判断能对城市外交的理论和实践提供有益的参考。     

Health,Health Insurance,and Decision to Exit from Farming

The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of health and health insurance on farmers’ exit decision-making process. Using data from 2000 to 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we tested the following three hypotheses: (1) Health condition affects farmers’ exit decision; (2) Having health insurance discourages farmers from exiting; (3) Obtaining health insurance helps farmers with physical health problems to continue farming. Empirical results indicated that having health insurance has a positive effect on encouraging farmers to continue farming regardless of health condition. The study results also suggested that farmer’s health condition and access to health insurance have noticeably larger marginal impacts on farmer’ exit decision than income and other commonly-considered socio-economic and demographic variables.     

百年中国文学的朝鲜叙事(英文)

东亚睦邻关系源远流长，近百年来却遭到严峻的挑战。在民族国家的多事之秋，中国文学和中华民族一道承担苦难，思考出路，在关注自己启蒙、救亡、独市和振兴的同时，也关注对自己的命运发生过深刻影响的国际力量，对朝鲜半岛民族国家的关注和认知具有特殊的文化情感和命运体悟。一百多年来，中国文学对朝鲜的认知经历了四个阶段：以朝鲜的亡国为鉴镜，反省危机四伏的中国现状；引朝鲜人民为共同抗敌、休戚与芡的战友；在南北朝鲜分裂的局面下，引北方为战友使南方处于缺席状态；在“华风”与“韩流”的互动中，把文学对韩国的认知推向穿透历史、牵连血性的深度。     

决策权配置集中化与现金持有

决策制度安排作为企业组织结构演进的产物,正深刻影响着企业的微观财务决策行为.以2009—2018年沪深A股上市公司为样本,分析了集团型上市公司决策权配置集中程度对上市公司现金持有水平及其价值的影响.实证结果显示,集团型上市公司人事权和财务权集中配置可以降低子公司管理层代理成本、发挥治理效应进而降低企业现金持有水平.进一步研究发现,决策权集中配置对现金持有水平的负向影响在内部治理水平较低和外部治理环境较好时更加显著.现金持有价值效应检验表明,财务权集中配置带来了企业价值的显著提升,而人事权集中配置仅在现金持有量较低时具有显著的价值提升作用.因此,集团型上市公司应当充分重视并积极探索决策权集中配置的治理优势,加快实现集团内部的信息对称和管理高效以优化组织结构、提升企业价值.     

北京市拥堵收费政策公众可接受性研究

考虑北京市实际情况,将拥堵收费政策与尾号限行、改善公交服务以及公交票价优惠政策组合设计成三种不同的交通需求管理政策包.在价值-信仰-规范理论基础上,构建结构方程模型测度以上三种政策包的可接受性,同时分析影响拥堵收费政策可接受性的因素.研究表明,影响收费政策可接受性的因素主要是问题意识、行动意愿、感知有效和感知自由等;公众可以接受低价格拥堵收费来代替尾号限行,但不愿接受高价格拥堵收费政策.北京市政府要想实施拥堵收费政策,需谨慎设计收费水平等细节,此外,提高收费政策的可接受性还需要提高公众问题意识以及开展新政策预实施等.     

“怵惕之心”何以不是“仁之端”--孟子同情理论的内在逻辑

孟子在阐述同情理论时说“人皆有怵惕恻隐之心”,但在归纳“仁之端”时只说“恻隐之心,仁之端也”,并未将“怵惕”算上,这是有深意的。怵惕恐惧、怀生畏死,是主体以自身的主观构境设身处地想象他者痛苦并产生同情恻隐之情的前提,是刺激良知并使其呈露的必要条件。“圣人”虽然“不动心”,不为痛苦困扰,但对他者的同情依然要建立在对死亡的恐惧与担忧之上,只是这种恐惧怵惕是对全体生命之有限性的觉察与悲悯,是为他者害怕与担忧。