清末“急务”与“本源”的失调——以鸦片禁政期间的财政窘况为背景

清末新政时期的编练新军和振兴实业分别被谕旨称为“急务”和“本源”,这是新政时期国家振兴的重要国策。两项国策的推行均需要有大量的财政投入。由于推行鸦片禁政,国产和进口鸦片税厘大幅度缩减,影响了中央和地方财政的拓展。在清廷的督催下,练兵新政不断得到强化,成为中央和地方财政支出的大项,这必然导致振兴实业因缺少足够的资金注入和宽松的税收环境而举步维艰。尤其是在制定国家预算的过程中,海陆军经费占据了国家财政预算相当高的比例,振兴实业这一国策在财政预算中并未明显地体现出来,形成了练兵“急务”突出,而实业“本源”却不断弱化的现实,两者在财政困绌条件下事实上处于“失衡”状态。朝野各方由此对军政失调、过分突出军备的倾向颇有微词,尤以各种报章的批评言论最为尖锐,国外人士对清廷推行新政中本末倒置现象的批评性观点也通过各种途径体现出来。清亡的原因也可借此得到一定的解释。     

Physician executives: where they are and what they do

As hospital operations become increasingly complex, so does the institution's management and organizational structure. Physician executives with titles of medical director, vice president for medical affairs, medical administrator, chief of staff, medical staff president, etc., are playing more important roles than ever before. This article will briefly review some recent literature describing physician executive profiles. The results from a survey of ten university teaching hospitals are also presented as supplementary information regarding current staffing models. Finally, several physician executive staffing-related issues will be discussed in light of the literature and the survey results.     

A survey of the family planning work done in Dongguan County

The total fertility rate of women of childbearing age of Dongguan County in China has been decreasing gradually from 5.9 during the period following the liberation in 1949 to 2.05 in 1982. In order to encourage young couples to implement the policy of family planning consciously, the people's government of Dongguan county decided in July 1980 that all cadres and employees in county towns who received 1-child certificates would be exempted from house rent of 45 square meters from the time they get their certificates and would be allocated a living space of a 2-children family until their children reached age 16. It also stipulated that every couple could enjoy 1 month's holiday every year for 3 years and during the holiday, their salary, bonus and rate of attendance would not be affected. Because women bear less children today, they are relieved from heavy household chores and become the main working force in collective production. As a result, the development of town-run enterprises was stimulated and the total industrial output value of these enterprises increased. The average monthly salary of each female worker is about 100 yuan. In 1984, the average income per capita of the country rose to 649.2 yuan. The implementation of family planning work has eased the tension in the education field. Previously, because of the large number of school-age children in rural areas, teachers had to teach 2 classes. In the past 4 years, great emphasis was laid on intellectual investment. During this period, 2351 schools were built and several fundraising projects were implemented. Since 1981, more than 200 new running water projects were built, and new public services have been developed, including old age homes.     

A case study of the labour market status of recent mainland Chinese immigrants,metropolitan Toronto

"This article focuses on an analysis of the labour market status of recent MCIs [mainland Chinese immigrants to Canada], taking into account such factors as gender, educational attainment, language proficiency and period of arrival (or length of residence in Canada), and uses Metropolitan Toronto as a case study. The effect of each factor on MCIs' labour market status will be analysed separately, followed by two logit models examining the simultaneous effects of the factors and their relative importance." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)     

Going to Pieces: Paul Monette and the Fragments of the Tribe

Author of the highly acclaimed Borrowed Time: An AIDS Memoir (1988) and winner of the 1992 National Book Award for his autobiography Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story, Paul Monette died of complications from AIDS in Los Angeles on February 12, 1995. His most recent work, Last Watch of the Night: Essays Too Personal and Otherwise (1994), is his third volume in a trilogy of autobiographical writing on growing up gay, coming-out, and living with AIDS. A graduate of Phillips Academy and Yale University, Monette received a number of awards for his writing and his work as an outspoken voice in the battle against AIDS, including the National Book Award, three Lambda Literary awards, the PEN Center West Freedom to Write Award, and three honorary doctorate degrees, from Wesleyan University, the City University of New York, and the State University of New York at Oswego. A memorial service was held for Monette on Sunday, February 19, 1995, at the Directors Guild of America on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. Paul Monette was 49.     

族群互动中的文化自觉——以广西客家族群关系为例

本文以广西客家族群关系为例,探讨族群关系在文化自觉的指令下,族群互动的方式、特征、规律及其作用.认为以文化自觉为指导的族群互动体现了国内族群关系的一般规律与特征;造就了和谐的族群关系,使客家文化成功转型不断创新,并使客家族群和汉民族不断发展壮大;文化自觉是构建和谐社会的根本途径;对构建现代和谐的国内国际族群关系具有显著意义与作用.     

民族地区发展可再生能源的现实分析及政策选择

可再生能源分布与民族地区存在高度一致性,民族地区发展可再生能源,具有重大的现实意义和战略意义.与传统化石能源开发利用对生态环境造成的破坏和压力相比,民族地区利用资源优势和政策机制发展可再生能源,不仅可以缓解能源不足的压力,改善能源结构,更能有效改善经济发展与自然、环境之间的矛盾或冲突,实现经济的可持续发展.     

苗族的"蒙毕"和"蒙朵"——兼论文化人类学视野下的族群关系

以我国西部散杂区苗族内部两个族群的互动关系为视角,从文化变迁角度进行田野观察,可以得出这样的结论:即族群是在民族其下可再细分的文化变量;族群研究有学院派与田野派之分,二派之间通过采取不同的研究思路,意在更清晰地解读国内人类学学术研究范式的发展趋势。     

权力视角下的民族分层——以当代以色列为例

国际政治现实主义理论大师汉斯·摩根索指出:"由于人口多少是国家权力强弱的一个因素,由于一个国家的权力总是与他国的权力相关,争夺权力的各国之间的相对人口、尤其是人口增长的相对速度,便值得认真对待了."摩根索除了强调人口数量对一个国家权力的影响之外,还指出人口质量(民族性格、民族士气等)也是影响一个国家权力的重要因素.     

Was there compression of disability for older Americans from 1992 to 2003?

Medical advances and the growth of the elderly population have focused interest on trends in the health of the elderly. Three theories have been advanced to describe these trends: compression of morbidity, expansion of morbidity, and dynamic equilibrium. We applied multistate life table methods to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate active and disabled life expectancy from 1992 to 2003, defining disability as having difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living or activities of daily living. We found increases in active life expectancy past age 65 and decreases in life expectancy with severe disability. These trends are consistent with elements of both the theory of compression of morbidity and the theory of dynamic equilibrium.