Female Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China1

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine female labor force participation and its determinants in rural and urban China. The sociological literature has demonstrated that participation tends to increase in urban and industrialized places where women have higher levels of education and fewer children, where more workers are engaged in service pursuits, and where family structure is less traditional. With the use of data on counties and cities (N = 2,377) from the I-percent sample of the 1982 census of the People's Republic of China, it was found that female labor force participation is likely to rise in areas with increased agricultural employment, educational levels, proportion of female-headed households, and higher male-to-female sex ratios. Both the size of the service sector and the fertility rate had negligible effects on female labor force participation. Although, on average, rural places have slightly higher levels of female labor force participation, when other variables are controlled, urban places have a higher rate of female participation. In addition, the findings suggest that market factors (i.e., education) are more likely to determine the rate of female labor force participation in urban areas; whereas demographic and social factors (i.e., sex ratio and household structure) play a more important role in explaining the female labor force participation in rural counties.     

现代汉语语义系统刍议

语义单位、语义单位之间的结构关系、结构层次是现代汉语语言意义系统的三要素 ,不同性质的语义单位彼此之间复杂纠联 ,使构成语义系统的两子系统 (词汇意义、语法意义子系统 )、两次子系统 (词法意义、句法意义次子系统 )紧密地联结在—起 ,构成一个统一的内部饶有联系的结构整体     

我国高等教育直面入世大考的五个问题

近年来 ,关于入世后我国高等教育怎么办 ,成为一个极为热门的话题。笔者认为 ,面对入世的影响与挑战 ,我国高等教育的未来有一场硬仗要打 ,我们必须直面和解决好以下五个问题     

台湾的金融改革及其启示

要本文在分析台湾实行金融改革动因的基础上，概述了台湾金融改革的内容，评述了台湾实行金融自由化的目的－建立区域金融中心的构想，并就这一改革给大陆带来的启示作出了思考。     

深水钻孔灌注桩基础施工技术

针对济阳黄河公路大桥钻孔灌注桩桩身长、孔壁易失稳垮塌、单桩混凝土灌注量大等施工难题，通过合理机械选型和控制护壁泥浆配比，取得了良好效果。以4″主墩为例介绍了施工条件及钻孔灌注桩施工技术措施，总结了施工效果。     

知识经济时代组织中人的发展及价值体现

信息化、全球化是知识经济时代的主要特征,它影响到人类社会的每一个领域,也影响着人们生活的方方面面.笔者从知识经济时代的特征及其对组织环境的影响这个角度出发,探讨了知识经济时代组织中人的发展及其价值,它主要体现为:工作的认可;能力的体现;晋升的机会;事业的成就.     

消费活动伦理意蕴探析

消费不仅是一种经济行为,它还具有伦理意义。消费活动与社会道德状况密切相关。消费心理总是一定的人生观、价值观和幸福观的体现,反映一个阶级或时代的道德风貌;消费行为总是对社会产生一定的道德后果;消费方式总是影响着一定阶级或时代的道德风尚。因而,我们应提高精神文化消费,养成科学、文明、健康的合理消费方式和艰苦创业的良好精神风貌,不断弘扬倡俭崇实的良好社会风尚。     

设计素描的四种基本功

设计素描作为学习设计的一门基础课程,通过观察方法、思维方式、表现形式、立体观念和细节刻画四个方面的介绍说明设计素描对于学习产品设计的重要性.     

Measures of influence of family planning program on fertility]

The question of how to measure the influence of family planning in fertility has been addressed by numerous international scholars. Highlighted briefly here are some of the methods endorsed by United Nations publications and recognized by scholars of various countries: 1) Standardization; 2) John Bongaarts model; 3) Trend analysis; 4) Wishik model; 5) Converse model of Dorothy Nartman; 6) Potter model; 7) Nathan Keyfitz model; 8) "Plural model"; 9) Model analysis.     

动结式的事件结构和句法生成

在语言使用过程中,动结式逐渐被语法化成表示致使—结果的特定语法形式,被语法化了的不是具体的词汇单位,而是一种语法结构或构式,即任何两个没有语义关联的动词只要并列出现在一个句子里就会形成致使—结果的语义关系。动结式里的两个动词各自表示一个事件,每个事件都能表述为一个独立的句子,通过移位和融合等句法操作合并在一起,临时构成独立的动词单位,从而在句法上把分别表示不同事件的两个句子合并为一个,实现表达的简约性。因为题元指派首先在底层结构完成,而动结式是表层句法操作的结果,所以动结式的语义关系仍需回到合并前的两个句子里确认。这种追根溯源的底层结构解释,清晰地揭示了动结式表层所呈现的复杂的句法和语义关系,是一种对于动结式的句法派生和形成机制提出的全新看法。