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51.
Human adults are more accurate at discriminating faces from their own race than faces from another race. This other‐race effect (ORE) has been characterized as a reflection of face processing specialization arising from differential experience with own‐race faces. We examined whether 3.5‐month‐old infants exhibit ORE using morphed faces on which adults had displayed a crossover ORE (i.e., Caucasians performed better on Caucasian faces and Asians performed better on Asian faces). In this experiment, Caucasian infants who had grown up in a predominantly Caucasian environment discriminated 100% Caucasian faces from 70% Caucasian/30% Asian morphed faces but failed to discriminate between the corresponding 100% Asian and 70% Asian/30% Caucasian faces. Thus, 3.5‐month‐olds exhibited evidence of ORE. These results indicate that at least by 3.5 months of age, infants have attained enough face processing expertise to process familiar‐race faces in a different manner than unfamiliar‐race faces. 相似文献
52.
<三国演义>中,有关张飞的人物描写,有一些固定模式的词语.同样的词语也会用在相近人物的身上.日本的军记物语中虽多有人物的衣装描写,却很少有像<三国演义>那样的人物相貌,乃至五官的描写.作为例外,引用中国故事较多的<太平记>在人物描写方法上承接了<三国演义>的影响;而<太平记>中的定型化言语表现又影响到了日本近世翻译成日文的<通俗三国志>.追根溯源,以先行文学中的人物来比喻或说明作品中人物的方法,可以追溯到汉代人物樊哙在<三国演义>中的引用.日中文学之间的承接影响关系研究和比较研究的结合将有助于廓清两国文学之间的交流关系. 相似文献
53.
Ryo Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1972,13(2):127-151
Summary A substantial explication of the edge effect has been attempted by use of capture-recapture data for a vole population (Microtus montebelli), gathered intwo plots of 100×100 m or less during 12 days, cheked twice daily, in August 1970; the sample was quite sufficient
for the aim.
The edge effect as guessed by increased catch per trap is usually suspected to ensue from range-settlers in the outside boundary
strip of a plot and immigrants. But by a theoretical analysis I could attain a tentative conclusion that no increased catch
per trap will occur unless any invasion takes place. Then it follows that, apart from the effect of invasion, the role of
the adjoining outside settlers in the edge effect is essentially required to be studied in the light of knowledge on the truth
of size and shift in home range.
The variation in range behavior for 183 adult voles, captured 6 times or more, could be grouped into eight types, of which
the range-conservative type possessed 52% of the sample and the group of the type was justly utilized for giving averages
of range size. Besides, it was seen from the observed frequency of types that a considerable number of immigrants onto the
census plot were induced perhaps being allured by trap baits, but the majority of them proved to be assigned to the voles
that have their ranges inside the assessment line ofDice; the rest referable to effective immigrants was only a few (7%). I could perceive no reason such as disproves the idea ofDice’s additional boundary strip.
Viewed from maps of ingress shift of ranges, the effect of ingress must have been greater in the outer trap rows than in the
inner within the plot, so that it might well be called edge effect in general; such effect, however, is seen gradually diminishing
toward the center, and hence it is almost unlikely that one should find any clear-cut intra-plot assessment lines demarcating
such an inner square as quite free from edge effects.
Averages of observed range length and width (ORL and ORW), as reliable measures for the true range size, were determined from
the above group of specimens; as a result, the remarkable concept of elliptic range shape was established by regarding ORL
as long axis and ORW as short one, and, directly from these averages, the mean range sizes worked out at 0.04 for females
and 0.09 for males in acreage which proved to be surprisingly well agreeable with those of isotope-revealed ranges for voles
given byGodfrey (1954) andAmbrose (1969).
The catchability for marked voles (
) was estimated by the maximum likelihood method by use ofJolly’s formulae (1965), but that for unmarked ones (
) was made by the regression census formula; as a result it was shown that the population was clearly of π>p type and that the trap-experience that voles underwent one month or more ago can make them retain as high catchability as
π.
Contribution from JIBP-PT No. 110, carried out by the grant from the expenditure of Education Department to the specific study
on “Dynamics of Biosphere”. 相似文献
54.
Seiji Tanaka Modesto Guardia David L. Denlinger Henk Wolda 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):303-317
Summary Intra- and inter-specific comparisons in progeny size and clutch size were used to identify possible selection pressures acting
on three sympatric species of ovoviviporous flesh flies. Both progeny and clutch sizes increased with body weight of the female
parent in all species. There was no evidence for a simple trade-off between the two traits. In one species, the larger the
female adult the smaller the relative biomass of larvae per clutch (total weight of larvae/body weight of female parent).
Female flies produced similar progeny and clutch sizes over successive batches. Variation in progeny size did not influence
either larval survival or duration of larval and pupal development. However, larger first instar larvae tended to form larger
pupae in two of the species. The experiments testing the effect of progeny size on pupal weight under limited food conditions
suggest a selective advantage for larger progeny size. 相似文献
55.
Yoshinari Tanaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1997,39(1):57-66
The process of population extinction due to inbreeding depression with constant demographic disturbances every generation
is analysed using a population genetic and demographic model. The demographic disturbances introduced into the model represent
loss of population size that is induced by any kind of human activities, e.g. through hunting and destruction of habitats.
The genetic heterozygosity among recessive deleterious genes and the population size are assumed to be in equilibrium before
the demographic disturbances start. The effects of deleterious mutations are represented by decreases in the growth rate and
carrying capacity of a population. Numerical simulations indicate rapid extinction due to synergistic interaction between
inbreeding depression and declining population size for realistic ranges of per-locus mutation rate, equilibrium population
size, intrinsic rate of population growth, and strength of demographic disturbances. Large populations at equilibrium are
more liable to extinction when disturbed due to inbreeding depression than small populations. This is a consequence of the
fact that large populations maintain more recessive deleterious mutations than small populations. The rapid extinction predicted
in the present study indicates the importance of the demographic history of a population in relation to extinction due to
inbreeding depression. 相似文献
56.
Tanaka K 《The Social Science Journal》2010,47(4):845-852
The article points out the limitations in surveys measuring religiosity and spirituality using the measures developed in Christian or Western contexts. Japanese people think of religion (shūkyō) as revealed religion such as Christianity that has specific doctrinal belief and faith. Through their history of religious regulation, Japanese people came to consider themselves "non-religious" as a way of survival, not to be punished by political authorities and not to be stigmatized in their community. Thus they tend to answer that they consider themselves "non-religious" in surveys, while performing ritual performances for their ancestors in Buddhist temples and Buddhist altars not only to thank ancestors but also to ease the psychological fear people have toward muenbotoke, restless ancestors who have no legitimate offspring to take care of them. To extend the study of spirituality or religiousness in the Japanese context, qualitative studies are necessary not to misinterpret religiousness and spirituality in Japanese context. 相似文献
57.
Hidekazu Tanaka 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(9):1611-1628
It is well known that, under appropriate regularity conditions, the variance of an unbiased estimator of a real-valued function of an unknown parameter can coincide with the Cramér–Rao lower bound only if the family of distributions is a one-parameter exponential family. But it seems that the necessary conditions about the probability distribution for which there exists an unbiased estimator whose variance coincides with the Bhattacharyya lower bound are not completely known. The purpose of this paper is to specify the location, scale, and location-scale parameter family of distributions attaining the general order Bhattacharyya bound in certain class. 相似文献
58.
围绕旅游目的地的研究是近些年旅游研究的热点。"旅游目的地"的概念一直在变化发展中,不同国家在其界定上也存在着差异,相应的在开发与管理上也有所不同。日本将"观光立国"作为基本国策,举全国之力推动旅游产业的发展,取得了明显的成效,但同时也存在着诸多问题。本文结合日本旅游目的地管理研究的历史与现状,对包括政府、民间旅游管理组织的框架体系及相应的工作和职能,进行梳理和比较,对现有管理组织存在的问题进行了分析,并提出相应的建议。并为中国旅游管理组织构架的完善和发展提供一些参考和借鉴。 相似文献
59.
For the detection of influential observations on the loading matrix of the factor analysis model, we propose to use the infinitesimal version of two matrix coefficients, including Escoufier (1973)'s also discussed the application in factor analysis of some sensitivity measures used for similar purposes in principal component analysis. 相似文献
60.
Influence functions are derived for covariance structure analysis with equality constraints, where the parameters are estimated by minimizing a discrepancy function between the assumed covariance matrix and the sample covariance matrix. As a special case maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis is studied precisely with a numerical example. Comparison is made with the the results of Tanaka and Odaka (1989), who have proposed a sensitivity analysis procedure in maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis using the perturbation expansion of a certain function of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix. Also the present paper gives a generalization of Tanaka, Watadani and Moon (1991) to the case with equality constraints. 相似文献