Secrecy Surrounding the Physical Abuse of Child Athletes in Australia

Over the past two decades there has been a growing awareness that sport may not be a positive experience for all children. For example, we know that some children experience sexual abuse in the context of organised sport, and that these offences are often committed by trusted adults, including coaches and club officials. However, less attention has been given to the physical abuse of child athletes. This paper presents a study that explored children's experiences of organised sport, as recounted by young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years in Australia. The study explored the experience of child physical abuse in organised sport including violence, overtraining, and training while injured. A mixed methods research design produced 107 survey responses and 10 in-depth interviews with young adults. Most respondents reported the positive impact that participating in sport had had on their development, but more than a third of the respondents also described experiences of overtraining, being forced to train when injured or of direct physical violence. Drawing upon a thematic analysis of the qualitative data, a conceptual model has been developed and is presented to assist in the understanding of the dynamic of secrecy, which may facilitate ongoing physical harm to children in this context.     

中国新文学史论纲(上)

我们秉持人性的、审美的、历史的三条原则,编写出这部新文学史.上编分五大板块,分别是“五四”文学、左翼文学、国统区文学、延安文学和台湾文学.“五四”文学的主要代表为周氏兄弟,他们承接晚清而有发展和变异；左翼文学的主体是一种政治文化思潮,茅盾代表了其成就和不足；国统区文学主要包括京派和海派,他们显示出“文学的启蒙”的实绩；延安文学不同于左翼文学,主要是“讲话”以后日益成型的以政治为导向的一种体制化文学；台湾文学是国统区文学在台湾的延续,并在新的条件下产生裂变,后果之一就是离散写作现象.总之,百年新文学表现为文学与现实牵连不断的一场跋涉,更是以“人”为最高目标和最后归依的美学升华之旅.     

特低渗透砂岩油藏初期含水变化机理实验研究

针对低含油饱和度砂岩油藏开发初期含水现象，以室内物理模拟实验为手段，通过水驱过程中含水饱和度和含水率的变化，研究了特低渗透砂岩油藏的水驱油特征。研究结果表明，特低渗透砂岩油藏的初期含水率是由油藏原始含水饱和度决定的。在低含油饱和度条件下，油藏初始含水率存在一个不为0的稳定波动阶段，并且可以根据室内相对渗透率实验得到的一维含水率曲线和油藏原始含水饱和度来预测油井初期含水率。     

驰名商标在我国的异化及其解决措施

驰名商标制度是解决商标跨类或跨域保护的一种技术手段，驰名商标是这种技术手段的副产品。然而，由于历史原因、制度原因以及其他因素的影响，人们更多的将驰名商标理解为“品质高、信誉好”的代名词，从而造成了驰名商标在我国的异化。驰名商标的异化不仅侵害了消费者的利益，也构成了对其他经营者的不正当竞争，因此，应当对这种现象加以遏制。     

Stages of sexual readiness and six-month stage progression among African American pre-teens

We examined the range of sexual intentions and behaviors preceding sexual initiation among 211 African-American pre-teens assigned to the control arm of a longitudinal community-based intervention trial. Stage of sexual readiness was assessed using the stage of change construct from the Transtheoretical Model, and patterns of stage movement during a 6-month period were examined. Overall, 90% of participants were in precontemplation at baseline, with the proportion of participants in this stage declining with each year of age. There was substantial stability in stage of sexual readiness during the 6-month period (87% stable). While definitive conclusions regarding exact patterns of movement are not yet possible, stage movement does not appear to be linear for all pre-teens, and there is evidence of both stage progression and regression. We present emerging patterns of stage movement, which suggest potential variation by age, gender, and baseline stage, and discuss potential implications.     

The relationship of placement experience to school absenteeism and changing schools in young,school-aged children in foster care

Background

Chronic school absenteeism and frequent school changes, particularly among younger children, may be antecedents for the high rates of school failure and subsequent dropout among youth in foster care. However, the relationship of foster care experience to absenteeism and school change has not been well studied.

Objective

This study examined the association of placement experience with absenteeism and changing schools among 209 urban children in foster care enrolled in public elementary schools.

Methods

A cohort of children aged 5 to 8 years who entered non-relative or kinship foster care from 2006–2008 were followed longitudinally for 2 years from entry into foster care. Children residing in foster care were categorized at the end of the study as early stable, late stable, or unstable, if they achieved a permanent placement prior to 45 days, between 45 days and 9 months, or failed to do so within 9 months, respectively. Children who reunified home were classified as a fourth category. Poisson regression, controlling for baseline factors, was used to compare days absent and number of schools attended across categories of placement experience.

Results

Among the 209 children, 51% were male, 79% were African American, and 55% were initially placed with kin. One third of children reunified home; among children who did not reunify, one half was early stable, and a third was unstable. Adjusted rates of school absenteeism increased in stepwise fashion as children's placements became more unstable; children with unstable placements were 37% more likely to be absent than those with early placement stability (p = 0.029). Children who reunified during the study demonstrated the highest rates of absenteeism; however, there was no significant difference in absenteeism before or after reunification. Number of schools attended increased as stability worsened, with the standardized rate of schools attended reaching 3.6 schools (95% CI 3.1–4.1) over a two year period among children in unstable placements.

Conclusions

The relationship between placement experience and school absenteeism and school change illustrates the need to better coordinate the educational experience of high-risk children in foster care. The secondary finding of high absenteeism among children in the process of returning home illustrates that educational challenges for youth may be equally if not more concerning among the greater majority of youth in child welfare who remain home with birth parents.     

Informal Caregiving for Elders in Sweden: An Analysis of Current Policy Developments

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature related to state policies concerning older drivers and to draw policy conclusions about which policies appear to work to reduce older driver crashes and to identify areas needed for further research. Specific policies examined in this paper concern medical reporting and medical review, license renewal processes, and driver testing. A study was included in the systematic review if it met the following criteria: published in English between 1991and January 2013; included data on human subjects aged 65 and older residing in the United States; included information on at least one policy related to older drivers; and had a transportation-related outcome variable (e.g., crash, fatality, renewal). A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-two studies investigated license renewal and seven articles examined medical reporting. In-person license renewal requirements were associated with reduced risk for fatal crashes. Restricted licenses were associated with reduced number of miles driven per week. More intensive renewal requirements and being the subject of a medical report to the licensing authority was associated with delicensure. Given the importance of driving to mobility, quality of life, and public safety, more research is needed.     

财经类高职实行“研学结合”教学改革的必要性

2012年,北京财贸职业学院启动了“研学结合”的教学改革实验.财经类高职开展“研学结合”教学改革是现实提出的急迫课题.财经职业岗位的工作具有典型的“研究”性特征,高职教育需要开拓“个性化”教学的途径,高职学生需要综合化的学习方式,因此,财经类专业“工学结合”的人才培养过程不仅需要融人工作的要素,也必须将“研究”的过程与教学的过程紧密集合,深入推进“研学结合”的教学改革.     

二型模糊系统在音频信号分类中的应用

针对数字音频信号分类问题提出了基于二型模糊集合理论的C均值聚类算法,并在此基础上应用跳跃基因遗传算法对聚类得到的初始模糊模型进行优化,最后采用向量相似性测度准则对优化后的模糊规则集合进行简化,得到最终的模糊分类器模型。与传统的一型模糊集合相比,二型模糊集合可以掌控更多的不确定性信息。基于二型模糊集合理论的C均值聚类算法对样本分布不均匀、结构不规则的样本集的聚类效果更精确。实例仿真结果对比显示,应用二型模糊C均值聚类算法的音频信号分类器比应用一型模糊C均值聚类算法的分类器得到的分类结果更准确。     

Child Sexual Abuse and the Media: A Literature Review

The media play an important role in practice, policy, and public perception of child sexual abuse, in part by the way in which news stories are framed. Child sexual abuse media coverage over the past 50 years can be divided into five time periods based on the types of stories that garnered news coverage and the ways in which public policy was changed. This systematic literature review of research on child sexual abuse media coverage across disciplines and geographic boundaries examines 16 studies published in the English language from 1995 to 2012. A seminal work is identified, citation network analysis is applied, and a framework model is developed.